A stretchable pressure sensor is a necessary tool for perceiving physical interactions that take place on soft/deformable skins present in human bodies, prosthetic limbs, or soft robots. However, a...

A stretchable and strain-unperturbed pressure sensor for motion interference-free tactile monitoring on skins.

This review highlights the unique techniques for patterning liquid metals containing gallium (e.g., eutectic gallium indium, EGaIn). These techniques are enabled by two unique attributes of these liquids relative to solid metals: 1) The fluidity of the metal allows it to be injected, sprayed, and generally dispensed. 2) The solid native oxide shell allows the metal to adhere to surfaces and be shaped in ways that would normally be prohibited due to surface tension. The ability to shape liquid metals into non‐spherical structures such as wires, antennas, and electrodes can enable fluidic metallic conductors for stretchable electronics, soft robotics, e‐skins, and wearables. The key properties of these metals with a focus on methods to pattern liquid metals into soft or stretchable devices are summari.

Shaping a Soft Future: Patterning Liquid Metals

Soft pressure sensors are critical components of e-skins, which are playing an increasingly significant role in two burgeoning fields: soft robotics and bioelectronics. Capacitive pressure sensors (CPS) are popular given their mechanical flexibility, high sensitivity, and signal stability. After two decades of rapid development, e-skins based on soft CPS are able to achieve human-skin-like softness and sensitivity. However, there remain two major roadblocks in the way for practical application of soft CPS: the decay of sensitivity with increased pressure and the coupled response between in-plane stretch and out-of-plane pressure. In addition to existing strategies of building porous and/or high dielectric constant soft dielectrics, are there any other promising methods to overcome those bottlenecks? Are there any further considerations for the widespread deployment of e-skins? This perspective aims to shed some light on those topics.

Soft Capacitive Pressure Sensors: Trends, Challenges, and Perspectives.

Anti-freezing and self-healing nanocomposite hydrogels based on poly(vinyl alcohol) for highly sensitive and durable flexible sensors

Flexible Hybrid Sensor Systems with Feedback Functions

Flexible pressure sensors emerge for important applications in wearable electronics, with increasing requirements for high sensitivity, fast response, and low detection limit. However, there is sti...

Highly Stretchable and Sensitive Pressure Sensor Array Based on Icicle-Shaped Liquid Metal Film Electrodes.

Conductive hydrogels are good candidates for flexible wearable sensors, which have received considerable attention for use in human-machine interfaces, human motion/health monitoring, and soft robots. However, these hydrogels often freeze at low temperatures and thus, exhibit low transparency, weak mechanical strength and stretchability, as well as poor adhesion strength. In this paper, conductive organohydrogels were prepared by thermal polymerization of acrylamide and N-(3-aminopropyl) methacrylamide in a glycerol-water binary solvent using NaCl as a conductive salt. Compared to other organohydrogels, our organohydrogels featured higher fracture stress (170 kPa) and greater stretchability (900%). The organohydrogels showed excellent antifreezing properties and high transparency (97%, at 400–800 nm wavelength) and presented outstanding adhesion strength to a variety of substrates. The conductive organohydrogels that were stored at −20°C for 24 h could still respond to both strain and pressure, showing a high sensitivity (gauge factor=2.73 under 100% strain), fast response time (0.4 s), and signal repeatability during multiple force cycles (∼100 cycles). Furthermore, the conductivity of cleaved antifreezing gels could be restored by contacting the broken surfaces together. Finally, we used our organohydrogels to monitor human tremors and bradykinesia in real-time within wired and wireless models, thus presenting a potential application for Parkinson’s disease diagnosis.

Highly transparent, antifreezing and stretchable conductive organohydrogels for strain and pressure sensors

In this paper, we propose a simple organohydrogel based capacitive humidity sensor for noncontact artificial sensation applications. The sensor is simple in design and consists of a transparent polyacrylamide organohydrogel thin film attached on a flexible inter-digit electrode layer. The process of water absorption and desorption is reversible, thus the dielectric of the organohydrogel film as well as the overall capacitance are dependent on environmental humidity. The water absorption capacity and structural reliability of the device have been largely improved by adding glycerol in the organohydrogel network. By optimizing both the glycerol concentration and organohydrogel film thickness, the sensor can respond to cyclic humidity changes in a period of 300 ms. In addition, this sensor achieves a high relative capacitance increase (by 20 folds) in a wide relative humidity range (12%–95%). The sensor also exhibits high stability under different bending curvatures (up to 6.81 mm), wide temperature changes (20°C–40°C) and external pressures (0–8 N). To demonstrate the applications in wearable electronics, we found that the sensor was successful in detecting respiration intensity and rate as well as the difference in moisture content in various objects, i.e., human skin and leaf surface. This sensor is highly sensitive and can be useful in the detection of the widerange of humidity changes.

A flexible organohydrogel-based humidity sensor for noncontact artificial sensation

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Highly Stretchable and Sensitive Pressure Sensor Array Based on Icicle-Shaped Liquid Metal Film Electrodes.

Highly transparent, antifreezing and stretchable conductive organohydrogels for strain and pressure sensors

A flexible organohydrogel-based humidity sensor for noncontact artificial sensation