BACKGROUND

Onion is undoubtedly one of the major sources of flavonoids. However, there exists a varietal difference in composition, concentration and beneficial activities of onion, on the basis of cultivars, day length sensitivity/ripening and types. To characterise such differences, 18 onion cultivars from Korean were evaluated for their total phenolics, flavonoids and antioxidant activity. Simultaneous quantification of quercetin, quercetin-3,4′-O-diglucoside, quercetin-4′-O-monoglucoside and isorhamnetin-3-glucoside was made in methanol and 75% ethanol.



RESULTS

Total phenolic content was examined spectrophotometrically with the Folin–Ciocalteu phenol reagent and total antioxidant activity were studied by the ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) and diphenyl picryl hydrazyl (DPPH) methods. The cultivar ‘Sunpower’ showed the highest level of total phenolics [5016 ± 30.0 µg gallic acid equivalents g−1 dry weight (DW)] and flavonoids (2873.95 ± 60.01 µg Q g−1 DW) among the 18 cultivars in methanol. However, there were fewer total phenolics and flavonoids in ethanol extracts. The antioxidant activity for cultivar Sunpower was highest in ethanol extracts 24.12 ± 1.00 and 16.13 ± 0.35 µmol L−1 Trolox equivalents g−1 DW with FRAP and DPPH, respectively.



CONCLUSION

Among the 18 cultivars, Sunpower is the most promising in terms of total phenolics, total flavonoids and antioxidant activity. Our results suggest that day length sensitivity/ripening among the cultivars do not play any significant role for high values of total phenolics, flavonoids and antioxidant activity. © 2013 Society of Chemical Industry

Evaluation of total phenolics, flavonoids and antioxidant activity of 18 Korean onion cultivars: a comparative study

In this study, we quantitated kaempferol in water extract from Cudrania tricuspidata leaves (CTL) and investigated its effects on endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress-induced inflammation and insulin resistance in HepG2 cells. The concentration of kaempferol in the CTL was 5.07 ± 0.08 mg/g. The HepG2 cells were treated with 300 µg/mL of CTL, 500 µg/mL of CTL, 1.5 µg/mL of kaempferol or 2.5 µg/mL of kaempferol, followed immediately by stimulation with 100 nM of thapsigargin for ER stress induction for 24 h. There was a marked increase in the activation of the ER stress and inflammation response in the thapsigargin-stimulated control group. The CTL treatment interrupted the ER stress response and ER stress-induced inflammation. Kaempferol partially inhibited the ER stress response and inflammation. There was a significant increase in serine phosphorylation of insulin receptor substrate (IRS)-1 and the expression of C/EBPα and gluconeogenic genes in the thapsigargin-stimulated control group compared to the normal control. Both CTL and kaempferol suppressed serine phosphorylation of IRS-1, and the treatments did not interrupt the C/EBPα/gluconeogenic gene pathway. These results suggest that kaempferol might be the active compound of CTL and that it might protect against ER stress-induced inflammation and hyperglycemia.

https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6643/8/1/60/pdf

Effect of Cudrania tricuspidata and Kaempferol in Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress-Induced Inflammation and Hepatic Insulin Resistance in HepG2 Cells

Background : Obesity can play a role in the development of hepatic insulin resistance. Although the molecular mechanism of the association between obesity and hepatic insulin resistance is unclear, it has been reported that obesity leads to hepatic endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and inflammation, which can induce the development of insulin resistance in several tissues. Objective : In this study, we investigated the associations between hepatic insulin resistance, ER, and inflammation in obesity and the effect of water extract from Cudrania tricuspidata  leaves (CTL) on hepatic insulin resistance induced by ER stress and inflammation in  db/db  mice. Design : The mice were randomly divided into four groups: a normal control group (C57BL/6J), a control group (C57BL/6J- db/db ), a CTL 100 group (C57BL/6J- db/db mice fed a dietary supplement of 100 mg/kg of CTL), and a CTL 300 group (C57BL/6J- db/db  mice fed a dietary supplement of 300 mg/kg of CTL). After 8 weeks, we performed an oral glucose tolerance test and the mice were sacrificed. Results : The C57BL/6J- db/db  mice developed obesity and hyperglycemia, and the ER stress response and inflammation were activated in their livers. Interestingly, there was a marked decrease in the activation of the ER stress response and insulin resistance in the livers of the C57BL/6J- db/db  mice treated with CTL due to decreases in the phosphorylation of eIF2α, IRE1α, and IRS-1 serine and decreases in the mRNA expression of ATF4, c-Jun N-terminal kinase, C/EBPα, and C/EBP homologous protein. Dietary supplementation with CTL also induced a statistically significant decrease in the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines, C-reactive protein (CRP), and NF-κB phosphorylation. Conclusions : Overall, these results suggest that CTL can improve hepatic insulin resistance and hyperglycemia by controlling obesity-induced ER stress and inflammation in the liver and that CTL may be a useful agent in treating hyperglycemia. Keywords: Cudrania tricuspidata ; obesity; insulin resistance; ER stress; inflammation (Published: 26 October 2015) Citation:  Food & Nutrition Research 2015,  59 : 29165 -  http://dx.doi.org/10.3402/fnr.v59.29165

/pdf/cudrania-tricuspidata-water-extract-improved-obesity-induced-2vtp8nnxxi.pdf

Cudrania tricuspidata water extract improved obesity-induced hepatic insulin resistance in db/db mice by suppressing ER stress and inflammation

The response of onion cv Jaquar (Allium cepa L) to sowing date and plant population was investigated in Bloemfontein (Free State Province, South Africa) during the year 2010  Jaquar seeds were sown on 11 and 25 May; and 8 June at five different populations (95, 83, 74, 67 and 61 plants m-2) in a randomized complete block design with each treatment combination replicated three times  Plant height and leaf number were measured 18 weeks after emergence  Bulb yield and quality (bulb mass, diameter, firmness and neck diameter) were recorded at harvesting  Significantly taller plants were obtained with the early sowing date (11 May) and a population between 61 and 74 plants m-2  Leaf production was not significantly influenced by any treatment  Bulb mass, yield and firmness were significantly higher with early sowing dates (11 or 25 May)   Plant population significantly influenced bulb mass, but not yield  Bulb diameter increased as population decreased, irrespective of planting date  The three lowest populations (74, 67 and 61 plants m-2) yielded significantly harder bulbs than denser plants (83 and 95 plants m-2)  The best sowing date for Jaquar in Bloemfontein was from 11 to 25 May at a population of between 61 and 74 plants m-2

	 

	Key words: Bulb diameter, bulb firmness, bulb fresh mass, bulb shape, leaf number, plant height, yield

/pdf/response-of-onion-allium-cepa-l-to-sowing-date-and-plant-2ncu5s2qul.pdf

Response of onion (Allium cepa L.) to sowing date and plant population in the Central Free State, South Africa

Onion cultivar “Sunpower” has growing popularity in Korea due to high storability. The present study considers changes in flavonols, sugars, and two amino acids in onion bulbs during a long-term storage in the ambient dark storage room and in glasshouse equipped with a climate control system. Flavonol and sugar contents were found to fluctuate noticeably during the storage period. Amino acid content remained relatively unchanged till the onset of inner sprouting, increasing afterward. Visible sprouts appeared at week 22 in the dark storage room and for four weeks later in the glasshouse. The bulbs lost 20–30% of their weight depending on storage conditions at the end of the storage trials. At the same time, the content of nutraceutics in study expressed on the dry weight basis remained of the same order of magnitude. The nature of observed variations in chemical composition of onions as well as relation of this phenomenon to physiological development of stored onion bulbs is discussed. A conclusion is mad...

Phytochemical composition of onion during long-term storage

Contents of quercetin (Q) and kaempferol (K) in fruits, roots, and leaves of Cudrania tricuspidata and their processed foods (fruit liquor, root liquor, and leaf tea) before and after hydrolysis were analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography. Total contents of Q (58.822.49 mg) and K (26.820.66 mg) in the leaves were higher than those in the fruits (Q, 5.700.02 mg; K, 2.580.02 mg) and roots (Q, 1.600.01 mg; K, 2.930.02 mg). The results suggest that a large portion of Q (95%) and K (93%) contained in the leaves, fruits, and roots exist in glycoside forms. However, the contents of Q and K in the processed foods were consistently and markedly reduced [fruit liquor, 90% (Q) and 89.8% (K); root liquor, 74.5% (Q) and 76.2% (K); leaf tea, 94% (Q) and 87% (K)] in comparison with raw materials (fruits, roots, and leaves); it is likely due to oxidative conversion of components contained in the materials during storage and processing. This quantitative analysis of components of C. tricuspidata may prove to be valuable as fundamental data for plant physiological research, estimation of bioactivity, and research on storage and processing of C. tricuspidata.

Quantification of Quercetin and Kaempferol Contents in Different Parts of Cudrania tricuspidata and Their Processed Foods

The bulb storability of eight red and ten yellow onion (Allium cepa L.) cultivars grown primarily in Korea was evaluated. During storage, sprouting occurred earlier in red cultivars than in yellow cultivars. In addition, the ratio of sprouted to unsprouted bulbs increased more rapidly in red cultivars than in yellow cultivars. However, not all yellow cultivars had strong storabilities. Bulb storability of three yellow cultivars was as poor as that of red cultivars, suggesting only a slight possibility of a pleiotropic effect of color and bulb storability. Meanwhile, F3 lines of a red cultivar selected based on stronger storabilities showed intermediate storabilities between those of the red and yellow cultivars, implying that strong storability could be obtained by successive selection. In contrast, F1 hybrids from crosses between yellow and red breeding lines showed poor storability compared with the yellow cultivars, indicating that poor storability may be dominant over strong storability. The relationships between color and other traits that potentially affect storability, such as fresh and dry weight, water content, and firmness of bulbs, were evaluated. No significant differences in these traits were observed between the two colors, although the water content of yellow cultivars and the dry weight of red cultivars were slightly higher than their counterparts. Correlation analyses between bulb storability and other traits, including weight, water content, and firmness, also showed no significant correlations. In this study, no correlations were identified between bulb color, storability, and other traits. However, based on these results, red cultivars with stronger storabilities could be developed through successive selection of bulbs with stronger storabilities.

Bulb storability of red and yellow onion (Allium cepa L.) cultivars grown in Korea.

This study was conducted to select random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) primers for showing reliable polymorphism in roses The rose genomic DNA concentration for polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was from 1 to 20 ng and annealing temperature was from 35 to 40℃ Taq polymerase concentration was efficient in 10 unit Band patterns were distinguishable in 155 primers out of 191 primers and the 100 primers were reproducible Twenty primers were selected with distinguishable and over 80% reproducible polymorphism on agarose gel This study will support Korean rose breeding program and the fingerprints obtained in this study were uploaded on the internet site; http://hanthjnuackr

Selection of RAPD primers for efficient fingerprinting in roses.

A rose cultivar ‘Hanmaeum’ developed at the Jeollanamdo Agricultural Research and Extention Services is a standard type with red-white flower. From 1998, two cultivars ‘Nicole’ and ‘Tiamo’ were examined for horticultural characteristics and were included in cross-combination in 2000. Cultivar ‘Nicole’, a vigorous and strong fragrant standard type with red-white flower, was used as a mother plant and cultivar ‘Tiamo’, a red-flower standard type with high productivity, was used as a pollen-donor plant. Forty two breeding lines were selected in 2001 based on flower shape, flower color and abundance of petal numbers on the first selection. Four breeding lines were selected in 2002 based on powdery mildew and vigor on the second selection. For two years, from 2003 till 2004, two breeding lines were selected and examined for their productivity, and then cultivar ‘Hanmaeum’ was developed because of distinctive characters such as red-white color flower, upright stem, long flower stem, long vase-life and powdery mildew resistance. A standard type with middle sized flower, cultivar ‘Hanmaeum’ shows in average 9.3 cm flower diameter, 74.1 cm flower stem length, and 11.8 days vase-life. The average productivity for two years was 107 stemsm-2 per year and increased 25.1% compare to cultivar ‘Nicole’ with 85.6 stemsm-2 per year.

Breeding of a new rose cultivar 'Hanmaeum' with red-white color flower and resistance to the powdery mildew.

FISH Karyotype Analysis of Seven Rose Cultivars

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