Since the desire for real-time human health monitoring as well as seamless human-machine interaction is increasing rapidly, plenty of research efforts have been made to investigate wearable sensors and implantable devices in recent years. As a novel 2D material, graphene has aroused a boom in the field of sensor research around the world due to its advantages in mechanical, thermal, and electrical properties. Numerous graphene-based sensors used for human health monitoring have been reported, including wearable sensors, as well as implantable devices, which can realize the real-time measurement of body temperature, heart rate, pulse oxygenation, respiration rate, blood pressure, blood glucose, electrocardiogram signal, electromyogram signal, and electroencephalograph signal, etc. Herein, as a review of the latest graphene-based sensors for health monitoring, their novel structures, sensing mechanisms, technological innovations, components for sensor systems and potential challenges will be discussed and outlined.

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Graphene-based sensors for human health monitoring

Continuous glucose monitoring systems - Current status and future perspectives of the flagship technologies in biosensor research

Flexible and wearable electronic devices are emerging as the novel platform for portable health monitoring, human–machine interaction, and some other electronic/optic applications. Future development of human-friendly smart electronics relies on efficient manufacturing and processing of advanced functional materials on flexible/stretchable substrates with effective device integration. Inkjet printing, known as a highly efficient solution-based printing and patterning technology with low-cost, high-quality, and high-throughput advantages, suits large-scale fabrication of flexible and wearable electronics. Over the years, researchers focused on high pattern resolution and uniformity on flexible substrates for advanced electrical/optical performances by various inkjet printing techniques. Different ink materials that can realize multiple functions have been fully investigated for achieving favorable printability and desired interactions with the substrates. Here, the most recently reported inkjet printing strategies, functional ink materials, and diverse inkjet-printed wearable electronic devices for practical applications (e.g., sensors, displays, transistors, and energy storage devices) are summarized. An outlook on future challenges as well as opportunities of inkjet-printed flexible and wearable electronics for research development and industrial commercialization is also presented.

/pdf/inkjet-printing-for-flexible-and-wearable-electronics-p5gy404eyg.pdf

Inkjet printing for flexible and wearable electronics

This paper reports a flexible electronics-based epidermal biomicrofluidics technique for clinical continuous blood glucose monitoring, overcoming the drawback of the present wearables, unreliable measurements. A thermal activation method is proposed to improve the efficiency of transdermal interstitial fluid (ISF) extraction, enabling extraction with a low current density to notably reduce skin irritation. An Na+ sensor and a correction model are proposed to eliminate the effect of individual differences, which leads to fluctuations in the amount of ISF extraction. An electrochemical sensor with a 3D nanostructured working electrode surface is designed to enable precise in situ glucose measurement. A differential structure is proposed to eliminate the effect of passive perspiration, which leads to inaccurate blood glucose prediction. Fabrications of the epidermal biomicrofluidic device including formation of flexible electrodes, nanomaterial modification, and enzyme immobilization are fully realized by inkjet printing to enable facile manufacturing with low cost, which benefits practical production.

https://advances.sciencemag.org/content/advances/7/5/eabd0199.full.pdf

A thermal activated and differential self-calibrated flexible epidermal biomicrofluidic device for wearable accurate blood glucose monitoring

Functional 3D printing: Approaches and bioapplications

A novel cylindrical flexible enzyme-electrode sensor was fabricated with a bigger working electrode (WE) surface than the traditional pin-like one for implantable continuous glucose monitoring. On the WE surface, a 3D nanostructure consisting of graphene and platinum nanoparticles was constructed to enhance the sensitivity; in conjunction with the bigger WE, this nanostructure enabled hypoglycemia detection, which is still a big challenge in clinics. The cylindrical sensor was fabricated by rotated inkjet printing which enabled direct patterning of microstructures on a curved surface, thus overcoming the restriction of the traditional planar micromachining by photolithography. Specifically, the cylindrical substrate (polyetheretherketone, PEEK) was modified by (3-aminopropyl) trimethoxysilane and (3-mercaptopropyl) trimethoxysilane to facilitate surface wettability, which discourages the coalescence of adjacent droplets, and to facilitate the adhesion of metals to PEEK in order to construct robust electrodes. A synchronous heating method was used to evaporate the solvent of the droplets quickly to prevent them from running along the cylindrical surface, which affects the formation of the printed electrode significantly. In vitro experimental results showed that the proposed sensor was able to detect the glucose concentration ranging from 0 to 570 mg dL−1 which demonstrated its capability for physiological glucose detection. In vivo experiments were conducted with rats, and the measurement results recorded using the implanted cylindrical sensor showed great compliance to those recorded using a commercial glucometer which exhibited the viability of the proposed sensor for implantable continuous glucose monitoring, even under the hypoglycemic conditions.

A flexible enzyme-electrode sensor with cylindrical working electrode modified with a 3D nanostructure for implantable continuous glucose monitoring

A method of performing reusability single cell proteomics monitoring on the basis of SPRM technology includes steps of: a) modifying the periphery of capture loci on a first positioned capturing chipwith specific recognizing antibodies of different proteins in a manner of radial dot matrix; b) injecting a to-be-detected cell solution into a micro-pipeline in order to generate different SPR responding signals at the single cell capture loci; c) screening secreted protein markers of 3-6 kinds of to-be-detected cells, which have strong responding signals; d) modifying the periphery of single cell capturing loci on a second positioned capturing chip with different antibodies in a fan-shaped structure, and injecting a to-be-detected cell solution into the micro-pipeline; e) modifying the two sides of the fan-shaped structure on a second positioned capturing chip with specific recognition antibodies of proteins in different bar code patterns; f) injecting a cell lysis solution into the micro-pipeline, and comparing the intensity of SPR recognition signals at different bar codes, thus achieving high-sensitivity monitoring. The method can achieved in-situ dynamic monitoring to a pluralitytypes of secreted proteins, and can improve adsorption fixation quantity and detection sensitivity of protein molecules.

Method of performing reusability single cell proteomics monitoring on the basis of SPRM technology

A specific single cell fixed-point capture chip for trace circulating tumor cells is characterized in that a serpentiform micro-pipeline layer and a valve layer are sequentially bonded on a glass substrate from bottom to top, one or more monitoring segments are formed on a serpentiform micro-pipeline on the serpentiform micro-pipeline layer at intervals, a middle segment liquid inlet and a middlesegment liquid outlet are arranged between every two adjacent monitoring segments, a first segment blood inlet and a first segment liquid inlet are arranged at the first end of the serpentiform micro-pipeline, and a tail segment blood outlet and a tail segment liquid outlet are arranged at the tail end of the serpentiform micro-pipeline; two or more single cell capture sites are arranged, corresponding to every monitoring segment, on the glass substrate; and control switch valves are arranged, to every middle segment liquid inlet, every middle segment liquid outlet, the first segment blood inlet, the first segment liquid inlet, the tail segment blood outlet and the tail segment liquid outlet, on the valve layer, and a flow limiting valve is arranged between every two adjacent monitoring segments. The chip can realize cell sorting and enrichment, and also can realize specific single cell fixed-point capture.

Specific single cell fixed-point capture chip for trace circulating tumor cells

Multi-marker diagnosis method for early Hepatocellular Carcinoma based on surface plasmon resonance

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A flexible enzyme-electrode sensor with cylindrical working electrode modified with a 3D nanostructure for implantable continuous glucose monitoring

Method of performing reusability single cell proteomics monitoring on the basis of SPRM technology

Specific single cell fixed-point capture chip for trace circulating tumor cells

Multi-marker diagnosis method for early Hepatocellular Carcinoma based on surface plasmon resonance