Improving the low-carbon utilization efficiency of urban land is crucial to the low-carbon transformation and sustainable development of China and the world economy. Innovation-driven development, especially the construction of National Independent Innovation Demonstration Zones (NIIDZs), is an important measure to realize the low-carbon transformation of urban land use and sustainable economic development in China. However, previous studies have neglected to study the impact of the construction of NIIDZs on the low-carbon utilization efficiency of urban land. Based on a theoretical analysis and using the panel data of 283 cities in China from 2006 to 2019, we took NIIDZ construction in China as a quasi-natural experiment and adopted the progressive difference-in-differences method (DID) to evaluate the impact and action mechanism of NIIDZ construction on urban land low-carbon utilization efficiency. We found that NIIDZ construction can significantly promote the improvement of the low-carbon utilization efficiency of urban land, and a series of robustness analysis results support this research conclusion. With the passage of time, this kind of promotion effect shows a trend of increasing fluctuation. NIIDZ construction mainly improves the low-carbon utilization efficiency of urban land by promoting green technology innovation and generating economies of scale. In addition, compared with eastern cities, small-scale cities and resource-based cities, the promotion effect of NIIDZ construction in central and western cities, large cities, and non-resource-based cities is more obvious. This study provides a theoretical basis and practical reference for the low-carbon utilization of urban land from the perspective of innovation in China.

https://www.mdpi.com/2073-445X/11/10/1634/pdf?version=1664156234

Innovation-Driven Development and Urban Land Low-Carbon Use Efficiency: A Policy Assessment from China

Spatial disequilibrium and influencing factors of carbon emission intensity of construction land in China

Urban-land development and utilization is one of the main sources of carbon emissions. Improving the green and low-carbon utilization efficiency of urban land (GLUEUL) under the goal of carbon neutrality is crucial to the low-carbon transition and green development of China’s economy. Combining the concept of green and low-carbon development in urban land use, carbon emissions and industrial-pollution emissions are incorporated into the unexpected outputs of the GLUEUL evaluation system. The super-efficient slacks-based measure (SBM) model, Exploratory Spatial-Temporal Data Analysis (ESTDA) method and Geographically and Temporally Weighted Regression (GTWR) model were used to analyze the spatial-temporal transition and the influencing factors of GLUEUL in 282 cities in China from 2005 to 2020. The result shows that: (1) From 2005 to 2020, the green and low-carbon land-utilization efficiency of Chinese cities shows an increasing temporal-evolution trend, but the gap between cities is gradually widening. (2) From the spatial-temporal dynamic characteristics of Local Indicators of Spatial Association (LISA), regions with the highest GLUEUL have strong dynamics and instability, while cities at the lowest level have a relatively stable spatial structure. On the whole, the local-spatial-transfer direction of GLUEUL of each city is stable, with certain path-dependent characteristics. (3) There are differences in the degree of influence and direction of action of different factors on GLUEUL. The economic development level, industrial-structure upgrading, financial support, wealth level, and green-technology-innovation ability have positive effects on overall GLUEUL, with industrial-structure upgrading promoting GLUEUL the most, while urban population size, foreign-investment scale, and financial-development level play a negative role. This study can provide some empirical and theoretical references for the improvement of GLUEUL.

/pdf/the-spatial-temporal-transition-and-influencing-factors-of-3cg9l2rz.pdf

The Spatial-Temporal Transition and Influencing Factors of Green and Low-Carbon Utilization Efficiency of Urban Land in China under the Goal of Carbon Neutralization

Spatial governance on land development in the urban-rural fringe has raised increasing widespread concern for curbing urban sprawl and promoting rural revitalization. This study explores the heterogeneities of land development in the administrative ranking system and realizes the justification of the administrative spillover effect on land development at the township level, using urban-rural fringe areas in Wuhan and neighboring cities in China as the case study area. Multi-schemes of spatial adjacencies among the subdistricts and towns have been devised to probe into the differences in their synergies and cooperations in developing land. Land development intensity gauged by the proportion of construction land has shown great spatial heterogeneity between subdistricts and towns, with a high impervious and urbanized land proximate to the urban center. Spatial interaction is more pronounced when two subdistricts are adjacent in the same municipality and is the least powerful when the subdistrict is adjacent to the town, verifying the close horizontal relationships of the local governments, as well as the administrative barriers at the different administrative ranks in the spatial governance system. In addition, local socio-economic development and the locational preferences for political centers and medical facilities have been identified as important influencing factors. The results of the spatial governance system in the current administrative hierarchy have provided valuable insights into the driving mechanism of administrative restructuring, as well as the reshaping and optimization of land use pattern in urban-rural fringe areas in the future. 

Integrating the administrative spillover effect into the spatial governance system to revisit land development: A study in urban-rural fringe areas of Wuhan and neighboring cities, China

Massive carbon emissions resulting from global urbanization have been one of the main triggers of climate warming. Because of its scale and representativeness, China's urbanization has significantly affected the world's socioeconomic system. Therefore, a comprehensive understanding of the urban land development (ULD) process and its impact on carbon emission performance (CEP), using cities in China as an example, is crucial for achieving global climate goals. Thus, using 245 cities in China as examples, a new explanatory framework was developed to understand the multidimensional characteristics of ULD and their impact on CEP. The average ULD increased from 0.266 to 0.299 and stabilized from 2000 to 2019, with the gap between cities continuously narrowing. Average CEP increased from 0.634 to 0.663 and then decreased to 0.556, presenting an increasing distribution pattern from northwest to southeast. The coupling level between ULD and CEP decreased from the east coast inland. More than half of the cities retained their coupling levels, and 3.67% achieved leapfrog development. The higher the initial CEP level, the weaker the positive effect of an increase in ULD level on the coupling score. In addition, the influences of the multidimensional characteristics of ULD on CEP showed significant spatiotemporal heterogeneity at the country scale. Thus, this study proposes that the effect of the ULD on CEP is phased, which is highly correlated with the evolution of the coupling level. These findings highlight the necessity for city managers to incorporate the differential impacts of the multidimensional characteristics of ULD on CEP in the formulation of carbon emission reduction policies. 

Impact of urban land development on carbon emission performance based on a multidimensional framework

The development and use of urban land is a major source of carbon emissions. How to reduce carbon emissions in the process of urban land use without harming the economy has become an extremely important issue. This paper integrating carbon emissions into the urban land use efficiency evaluation index system, measures low-carbon urban land use efficiency using a non-radial directional distance function and analyses its spatial and temporal evolution and its influencing factors using a combination of a kernel density estimation method and a Tobit model. The study found that: (1) China’s low-carbon urban land use efficiency shows a fluctuating development and tends to converge; (2) there is much room for reducing land input and carbon emissions in China, and in 2016 alone, land input and carbon emissions in the sample could be reduced by 10.38% and 5.31%, respectively; (3) at the national level, land finance, economic level and population density have a positive impact on low-carbon urban land use efficiency, while the traffic level has negative effects, and these effects show regional heterogeneity. Accordingly, the paper proposes corresponding policy recommendations.

/pdf/measurement-and-influencing-factors-of-low-carbon-urban-land-10vc52sd.pdf

Measurement and Influencing Factors of Low Carbon Urban Land Use Efficiency—Based on Non-Radial Directional Distance Function

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Measurement and Influencing Factors of Low Carbon Urban Land Use Efficiency—Based on Non-Radial Directional Distance Function