The immense increase in multimedia-on-demand traffic that refers to audio, video, and images, has drastically shifted the vision of the Internet of Things (IoT) from scalar to Multimedia Internet of Things (M-IoT). IoT devices are constrained in terms of energy, computing, size, and storage memory. Delay-sensitive and bandwidth-hungry multimedia applications over constrained IoT networks require revision of IoT architecture for M-IoT. This paper provides a comprehensive survey of M-IoT with an emphasis on architecture, protocols, and applications. This article starts by providing a horizontal overview of the IoT. Then, we discuss the issues considering the characteristics of multimedia and provide a summary of related M-IoT architectures. Various multimedia applications supported by IoT are surveyed, and numerous use cases related to road traffic management, security, industry, and health are illustrated to show how different M-IoT applications are revolutionizing human life. We explore the importance of Quality-of-Experience (QoE) and Quality-of-Service (QoS) for multimedia transmission over IoT. Moreover, we explore the limitations of IoT for multimedia computing and present the relationship between the M-IoT and emerging technologies including event processing, feature extraction, cloud computing, Fog/Edge computing and Software-Defined-Networks (SDNs). We also present the need for better routing and Physical-Medium Access Control (PHY-MAC) protocols for M-IoT. Finally, we present a detailed discussion on the open research issues and several potential research areas related to emerging multimedia communication in IoT.

/pdf/multimedia-internet-of-things-a-comprehensive-survey-2fjhk0x8a8.pdf

Multimedia Internet of Things: A Comprehensive Survey

Underwater wireless communications can be carried out through acoustic, radio frequency (RF), and optical waves. Compared to its bandwidth limited acoustic and RF counterparts, underwater optical wireless communications (UOWCs) can support higher data rates at low latency levels. However, severe aquatic channel conditions (e.g., absorption, scattering, turbulence, etc.) pose great challenges for UOWCs and significantly reduce the attainable communication ranges, which necessitates efficient networking and localization solutions. Therefore, we provide a comprehensive survey on the challenges, advances, and prospects of underwater optical wireless networks (UOWNs) from a layer by layer perspective which includes: 1) Potential network architectures; 2) Physical layer issues including propagation characteristics, channel modeling, and modulation techniques 3) Data link layer problems covering link configurations, link budgets, performance metrics, and multiple access schemes; 4) Network layer topics containing relaying techniques and potential routing algorithms; 5) Transport layer subjects such as connectivity, reliability, flow and congestion control; 6) Application layer goals and state-of-the-art UOWN applications, and 7) Localization and its impacts on UOWN layers. Finally, we outline the open research challenges and point out the future directions for underwater optical wireless communications, networking, and localization research.

Underwater Optical Wireless Communications, Networking, and Localization: A Survey

RFID Applications and Adoptions in Healthcare: A Review on Patient Safety.

Complex and Adaptive Systems (CAS) consists of large number of elements that are connected with each other and interact in distributed manner. CAS exhibits random behavior which cannot be pre determined and is a result of non-linear interaction of large number of elements. In CAS, the elements adapt to the changes in environment and system. Thus change in any single element can affect its neighboring elements which may lead to the vast change in the whole system. CAS has shown excellent potential in enhancing communication capabilities, fault tolerance, trust, energy efficiency, cascade failures avoidance and handling, and advanced miscellaneous new applications and services. In this research, we provide a combined review of different applications of CAS and categorized them as natural and artificial CAS. Also, the major CAS challenges and techniques proposed to overcome these challenges are disscused. The limitations of the existing literature are also identified. Lastly, this research sheds light on future directions. To the best of our knowledge, it is the first review paper which provides combined discussion about different applications and challenges of CAS and identifies different research dimensions for further research.

Complex Adaptive Systems: A Data Modelling and Engineering Perspective

IoT stands for Internet of things which is defined as an intercommunication of heterogeneous smart devices acting as a single network. In IoT, every device is connected via internet with different devices having different capabilities within a network. IoT is implemented almost in every field of life which is an extension of Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs). Smart city is implemented through smart nodes in real scenarios to make digital environment in all field of life including smart parking, banking, sewerage system, waste management, environmental monitoring, smart transport and healthcare centers. However, there is a very little practical use of IoT and smart cities infrastructure in real life. In this paper, we have focused on intelligent traffic monitoring system using graph theory and formal methods. Our proposed model has various nodes that are assumed within a city including roads, objects and traffic signals to make a collective intelligent traffic guidance and monitoring system. Many operations including finding shortest path in terms of time and distance, finding specific area within city and finding safest and low rush ways towards the destination. The graph based model is transformed into a formal model using Vienna Development Method-Specification Language (VDM-SL). The proof of correctness is provided by various facilities available in the VDM-SL toolbox.

Intelligent traffic monitoring and guidance system for smart city

Recently the interest in wireless sensor and actor networks has increased tremendously. Although there has been significant improvement in WSANs, but still many challenges are needed to overcome the issues of critical applications. In most of the published work the focus is on the performance analysis of non-functional properties but correctness of the approach is still ignored which is very important in large and complex systems. This paper introduces an alternative approach for formal specification, implementation and analysis of the Partitioning Detection and Connectivity Restoration (PCR) algorithm in WSANs. We model WSAN as a dynamic graph and use VDM-SL to describe the formal specification of the algorithm. Invariants are used to validate the algorithm and pre and post conditions confirm the correctness of the operations. VDM-SL is a formal specification language used for implementation of software systems and to illustrate detailed level examination. The PCR algorithm specification is implemented, verified, validated and analyzed through the VDM-SL toolbox.

Implementing Partitioning Detection and Connectivity Restoration in WSAN Using VDM-SL

Recently significant improvement in wireless sensor and actor networks has been made due to the increased interest of researchers But still there is a need to overcome many operational challenges particularly in safety-critical and mission-critical large-scale applications We propose a model of Subnet-Based Backup Assigning (SBBA) algorithm in wireless sensor and actor networks which assumes partitioning in WSAN into subnets It identifies critical and non-critical nodes in each subnet and each critical node designates an appropriate backup to monitor the primary critical node and inter-actor connectivity is maintained within the subnet In addition, it selects gateway node in each subnet to communicate with other subnets and a gateway node designates an appropriate backup to monitor the primary gateway node and inter-gateway connectivity is maintained among subnets To prove the correctness of the proposed algorithm, this paper introduces a formal approach, ie, VDM-SL for formal specification and analysis of SBBA algorithm in WSANs We model topology and subnet of WSAN as dynamic graph and implement SBBA into a corresponding formal specification using VDM-SL For the validation of the algorithm invariants are put on the data where it is required and for the correct operation of communication pre and post conditions are defined The specification of the SBBA algorithm is verified, analyzed and validated using VDM-SL toolbox

Formal modeling and algorithm of subnet-based backup assigning in WSAN

Formalizing Mobile Ad Hoc and Sensor Networks Using VDM-SL☆

Forests are important part of the ecosystem and play a significant role to preserve and maintain the environment. The main hazard is the forest fires because its consequences are terrible in nature. Therefore, there is a need to detect fire and extinguish before it spreads to destroy the resources. For this purpose, Forest Fire Detection and Extinguishing Algorithm (FFDEA) using Wireless Sensor and Actor Networks (WSANs) is proposed in this work to detect and extinguish fire. Temperature sensors are used to detect and actors to extinguish the fire. The actors are deployed randomly in the forests forming clusters. Clustering, sleep/active schedule and idle/working modes, is used to minimize consumption of energy. WSANs are modeled using graph theory for semi-formal representation of the model. Logical architecture of the system is presented which helped to develop algorithm and it is then transformed into an equivalent formal model using Vienna Development Method-Specification Language (VDM-SL). The model is analyzed through various existing techniques in VDM-SL Toolbox to prove its correctness.

Robot-based forest fire detection and extinguishing model

Handle everyday research tasks with reliable, citation-backed results

Your personal Research Agent to handle research tasks with citation-backed results

Popular Tasks used by Researchers

How can I help with your research?

Meet SciSpace

Get more enhanced response by uploading the PDFs you want me to reference.

No relevant PDFs in your library

SciSpace is the AI research assistant for academics. Run systematic literature reviews on 280M+ papers, and write papers with cited sources. Trusted by 1M+ students, PhDs & researchers.

SciSpace | AI for Research

Analyze PDFs

Code & Manuscripts

Funding & Grants

Literature & Patents

Medical & Clinical Data

Systematic Review

Visualize & Present

Web & Data

Build a Google Scholar-like website for your research.

Build a website

Create charts and images for your research

Create a Chart

Write a paper for submission to a journal

Draft a manuscript

Patent Search

Design eye-catching scientific posters in minutes.

Scientific Poster Generation

Systematic Literature Review

One task is running at the moment. Your messages will be shown right after.

Drag and drop or click here to browse

Loved by <highlight>1 million+</highlight> researchers

Extract a list of specific topics and their sources from unstructured text

Topics

Compare and analyze relevant papers that matches with your search

Papers

Get insights from PDFs and bookmarked papers from your library

My library

Recent searches

Try searching for:

Catch AI-generated content in scholarly and non-scholarly content

{ai} Detector

Ai Writer

Get PDF Summaries, highlighted text explanations 

Chat with PDF

Effortlessly create in-text citations and bibliographies in APA and 2,500 other formats

Citation generator

Get explanations, summaries, and answers on academic papers

Ease up your research workflow with {scispace}'s cohort of exciting AI tools

Elevate your academic writing skills and convey your ideas the way you want

Paraphraser

Explore our range of reading and writing tools

Your file is being prepared and should be ready in a few minutes. If it's a large file, it might take a bit longer. You can close this window, and we'll email you the file when it's done.

You have reached a maximum limit of <strong>{limit}</strong> columns in the table. Remove at least <strong>1</strong> column to add or create another one.

Hamra Afzaal

Author Tools

Chat about Author