Alzheimer's dementia (AD), the most prevalent neurodegenerative disorder adversely affecting elderly citizens worldwide, is an incurable disorder with no effective medication found till date. Taking into account the seriousness of this issue, imidazopyridine-based benzothiazole-oxadiazole hybrid derivatives were synthesized as anti-Alzheimer's agents. The efficacy of these scaffolds was compared with the standard Donepezil (IC50 = 14.47 ± 1.20 μM for AChE and 19.90 ± 2.40 μM for BuChE). All the novel scaffolds exhibited biological activity covering a range of IC50 = 6.70 ± 1.65 μM and 41.65 ± 7.20 μM for AChE and 6.40 ± 1.80 μM for AChE and 44.65 ± 7.40 μM for BuChE. Analog 6p having IC50 = 6.70 ± 1.65 μM for AChE and 6.40 ± 1.80 μM for BuChE was found as the lead candidate of the series with maximum inhibition due to presence of small sized and highly electronegative fluoro moieties, inhibiting the enzymes through effective hydrogen bonds. These effective interactions were also studied in molecular docking investigations of the lead compounds. Furthermore, ADME analysis conducted in this study assisted the drug likeness of the potent analogs. Synthetic and structural confirmation of the hybrid derivatives was achieved through 13C NMR, 1H NMR and HREI-MS. 

A promising acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase inhibitors: In vitro enzymatic and in silico molecular docking studies of benzothiazole-based oxadiazole containing imidazopyridine hybrid derivatives

This study aimed at recording therapeutic plant species used by inhabitants to treat dental disorders in the district of North Waziristan, Pakistan. The indigenous people of the studied area are dependent on medicinal plants for their basic health care needs including dental care. Ethnomedicinal data were collected using a semi-structured questionnaires, and in addition 130 local informants were interviewed. The collected data were evaluated using various quantitative indices, including use value (UV), relative frequency of citation (RFC), fidelity level (FL%), and Jaccard Index (JI). A total of 69 plants belonging to 48 plant families used in dental disorders were identified. The Lamiaceae was the leading family that shared 7 species, followed by Solanaceae (4 spp).The dominant life form used was herbs (47.83%), folowed by leaves (43.90%) in preparing remedies for different dental disorders. Decoction was the most common mode of preparation (34.21%), followed by pastes (21.05%). The highest RFC (0.36) was reported for Bergenia ciliata, followed by Salvadora oleoides (0.35). The majority of the plants (36 spp) were utilised as herbal medicine to treat toothache, followed by 13 species for periodontal (gum) infections, 11 species used for teeth cleaning, and 9 species for halitosis (bad breath). This study is the first-ever record of ethnomedicinal applications for the treatment of dental diseases from Pakistan. Some of the forgeoing hebal medications should be further evalauted for the development of pahrmaceutical bio-products for the treatment of dental disorders. 

Ethno-Dentistry of Medicinal Plants Used in North Waziristan, Pakistan.

Background: The present study aimed to evaluate the indigenous knowledge and use of medicinal plant species to treat different gynecological diseases by local people. Indigenous people use medicinal plants to treat various gynecological disorders. Methods: Ethnomedicinal data was collected from 110 randomly selected local informants through semi-structured questionnaires as well as face-to-face interviews. These data was quantitatively analyzed using various ethnobotanical indices such as family importance value, relative frequency of citation, use value (UV), fidelity level (FL), informant consensus factor (ICF), Jaccard index (JI), and ANOVA. Results: A total of 59 plant species belonging to 24 families were recorded which were used to treat various 40 gynecological disorders. The informants documented the maximum number of plants used for irregular menstruation (15 spp.), followed by leucorrhea (11 spp.), gonorrhea (7 spp.), and abortion (5 spp.). The dominant family was Apiaceae (5 species). The dominant growth form was herbs (57.63%), while the common plant part used in remedies preparation was leaves (26%). Most people use medicinal plants in the form of extract (25 %), followed by decoction (17 %). The plant species with maximum use value was recorded for Ricinus communis (0.97), followed by Mentha viridis (0.96), while the highest RFC value was reported for Cuminum cyminum (0.69). The maximum ICF value was reported for vomiting, emmenagogue, and sexual issues (0.99%). Conclusion: This is the first-ever quantitative study focusing mainly on ethnoecological uses of medicinal plants from the district Gujrat, which emphasize the significance of traditional herbal plant remedies used for primary health care needs. The results of this study would serve as a baseline for advanced pharmacological and phytochemical screening pertaining to gynecological disorder. Keywords: Medicinal plants, gynecological disorders, Traditional knowledge, fidelity level; Gujrat, Pakistan 

Ethnogynecological study of traditional therapeutic plants used by the indigenous communities: A case study from District Gujrat Punjab, Pakistan

Insight into role of triazole derived Schiff base bearing sulfonamide derivatives in targeting Alzheimer's disease: Synthesis, characterization, in vitro and in silico assessment

Synthesis, in vitro α-glucosidase and α-amylase activities and molecular docking study of oxadiazole-sulphonamide hybrid analogues

New thiazole-based thiazolidinone derivatives: Synthesis, in vitro α-amylase, α-glucosidase activities and silico molecular docking study

Ethnic Practices in Treating Skin Diseases: The Traditional Dermatologist's Role.

One of the main goals of ecological studies is to disentangle the dynamics that underlie the spatiotemporal distribution of biodiversity and further functions of the ecosystem. However, due to many ecological and geopolitical reasons, many remote areas with high plant species diversity have not been assessed using newly based analytical approaches for vegetation characterization. Here, we classified and characterized different vegetation types (i.e., major plant communities) based on indicator species and on the influence of different environmental gradients in the Himalayan mixed coniferous forest, Pakistan. For that, we addressed the following questions: Does the vegetation composition of the Himalayan mixed coniferous forest correlate with climatic, topographic, geographic, and edaphic variables? Is it possible to identify plant communities through indicator species in relation to environmental gradients using multivariate approaches? Can this multivariate be helpful for conservation planning? During four consecutive years we assessed the vegetation composition and environmental variables (21 variables divided in geographic, climatic, topographic, and edaphic groups) of 156 50 m-trasects between an elevation of 2000-4000 m. Using newly based analytical approaches for community characterization, we found a total of 218 plant species clustered into four plant communities with the influence of environmental gradients. The highest index of similarity was recorded between Pinus-Cedrus-Viburnum (PCV) and Viburnum-Pinus-Abies (VPA) communities, and the highest index of dissimilarity was recorded between PCV and Abies-Juniperus-Picea (AJP) communities. Among these four communities, highest number of plant species (156 species) was recorded in PCV, maximum alpha diversity (H' = 3.68) was reported in VPA, highest Simpson index (0.961) and Pielou's evenness (0.862) were reported in VPA and AJP. The edaphic gradients (i.e., organic matter, phosphorous, pH and soil texture) and climatic factors (temperature, humidity) were the strongest environmental gradients that were responsible for structuring and hosting the diverse plant communities in mixed coniferous forest. Finally, the Himalayan mixed coniferous structure is more influenced by the spatial turnover beta-diversity process (βsim) than by the species loss (nestedness-resultant, βsne). Our analysis of the vegetation structure along the environmental gradient in the Himalayan mixed coniferous forest supported by sophisticated analytical approaches reveled indicator species groups, which are associated to specific microclimatic zones (i.e., vegetation communities). Within this focus, we side with the view that these results can support conservation planning and management for similar and different areas providing mitigating and preventive measures to reduce potential negative impacts, such as anthropic and climatic. 

Vegetation–environment interactions: plant species distribution and community assembly in mixed coniferous forests of Northwestern Himalayas

The beef tapeworm, also known as Taenia saginata, is a zoonotic tapeworm from the genus Taenia in the order Cyclophyllidea. Taenia saginata is a food-borne zoonotic parasite with a worldwide distribution. It poses serious health risks to the host and has a considerable negative socioeconomic impact. Previous studies have explained the population structure of T. saginata within the evolutionary time scale and adaptive evolution. However, it is still unknown how synonymous codons are used by T. saginata. In this study, we used 90 T. saginata strains, applying the codon usage bias (CUB). Both base content and relative synonymous codon usage (RSCU) analysis revealed that AT-ended codons were more frequently used in the genome of T. saginata. Further low CUB was observed from the effective number of codons (ENC) value. The neutrality plot analysis suggested that the dominant factor of natural selection was involved in the structuring of CUB in T. saginata. Further analysis showed that T. saginata has adapted host-specific codon usage patterns to sustain successful replication and transmission chains within hosts (Bos taurus and Homo sapiens). Generally, both natural selection and mutational pressure have an impact on the codon usage patterns of the protein-coding genes in T. saginata. This study is important because it characterized the codon usage pattern in the T. saginata genomes and provided the necessary data for a basic evolutionary study on them.

Evolution of codon usage in Taenia saginata genomes and its impact on the host

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New thiazole-based thiazolidinone derivatives: Synthesis, in vitro α-amylase, α-glucosidase activities and silico molecular docking study

Ethnic Practices in Treating Skin Diseases: The Traditional Dermatologist's Role.

Vegetation–environment interactions: plant species distribution and community assembly in mixed coniferous forests of Northwestern Himalayas

Evolution of codon usage in Taenia saginata genomes and its impact on the host