In order to define the histopathological substrate of the dementia that frequently complicates the acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS), we analyzed the neuropathological findings in 70 autopsied adult AIDS patients, 46 of whom had suffered clinically overt dementia. Less than 10% of the brains were histologically normal. Abnormalities were found predominantly in the white matter and in subcortical structures, with relative sparing of the cortex. Their frequency and severity generally correlated well with the degree and duration of clinical dementia. Most commonly noted was diffuse pallor in the white matter, which in the pathologically milder cases was accompanied by scanty perivascular infiltrates of lymphocytes and brown-pigmented macrophages, and in the most advanced cases by clusters of foamy macrophages and multinucleated cells associated with multifocal rarefaction of the white matter. However, in nearly one third of the demented cases the histopathological findings were remarkably bland in relation to the severity of clinical dysfunction. In addition, similar mild changes were noted in over one half of the nondemented patients, consistent with subclinical involvement. Vacuolar myelopathy was found in 23 patients and was generally more common and severe in patients with advanced brain pathology. Evidence of cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection was noted in nearly one quarter of the brains and was associated with a relative abundance of microglial nodules, but correlated neither with the major subcortical neuropathology nor with the clinical dementia, indicating that CMV infection likely represented a second, superimposed process. This study establishes the AIDS dementia complex as a distinct clinical and pathological entity and, together with accumulating virological evidence, suggests that it is caused by direct LAV/HTLV-III brain infection.

The AIDS dementia complex: II. Neuropathology

The estimation of transmission parameters has been problematic for diseases that rely predominantly on transmission of pathogens from person to person through small infectious droplets. Age-specific transmission parameters determine how such respiratory agents will spread among different age groups in a human population. Estimating the values of these parameters is essential in planning an effective response to potentially devastating pandemics of smallpox or influenza and in designing control strategies for diseases such as measles or mumps. In this study, the authors estimated age-specific transmission parameters by augmenting infectious disease data with auxiliary data on self-reported numbers of conversational partners per person. They show that models that use transmission parameters based on these self-reported social contacts are better able to capture the observed patterns of infection of endemically circulating mumps, as well as observed patterns of spread of pandemic influenza. The estimated age-specific transmission parameters suggested that school-aged children and young adults will experience the highest incidence of infection and will contribute most to further spread of infections during the initial phase of an emerging respiratory-spread epidemic in a completely susceptible population. These findings have important implications for controlling future outbreaks of novel respiratory-spread infectious agents.

Using Data on Social Contacts to Estimate Age-specific Transmission Parameters for Respiratory-spread Infectious Agents

Nucleotide sequence of the visna lentivirus: relationship to the AIDS virus.

A study was conducted of the genetic relation between human T-cell lymphotropic retroviruses and visna virus. The human T-cell lymphotropic viruses include those associated with T-cell malignancies (HTLV-I and HTLV-II) as well as the etiologic agent of the acquired immune deficiency syndrome (HTLV-III). Visna virus, a slowly replicating and pathogenic but nononcogenic retrovirus of sheep, is a member of the subfamily Lentivirinae. Results obtained by molecular hybridization and heteroduplex analysis indicated that a greater extent of nucleotide sequence homology exists between HTLV-III and visna virus than between HTLV-III and any of the other viruses. The homology observed under conditions of low stringency spanned the entire genome, but was strongest in the gag/pol region. The morphogenesis and fine structure of HTLV-III and visna virus also demonstrated striking similarities. The data provide strong evidence for a close taxonomic and thus evolutionary relation between HTLV-III and the Lentivirinae subfamily.

/pdf/sequence-homology-and-morphologic-similarity-of-htlv-iii-and-23hp6x12ox.pdf

Sequence Homology and Morphologic Similarity of HTLV-III and Visna Virus, a Pathogenic Lentivirus

Demyelinative lesions were produced in mice by inoculation of JHM virus, a neurotropic strain of mouse hepatitis virus. The production of these lesions was dependent on dosage of virus, age of mice, and route of inoculation. In animals with demyelination, fluorescent antibody staining showed viral antigen was most prominent in the cells of the white matter. No immunopathologic mechanism for demyelination was apparent. No fixation of immunoglobulins in the lesions was seen, nor did immunosuppression with cyclophosphamide prevent demyelination. Focal hepatitis, usually a concomitant finding with white-matter disease, could be prevented without altering the demyelinative lesions. Demyelination in JHM virus-infected mice appeared to be the direct result of infection of glial cells of the white matter.

https://jamanetwork.com/HttpHandlers/ArticlePdfHandler.ashx?journal=NEUR&articleId=572086&pdfFileName=archneur_28_5_003.pdf

Pathogenesis of demyelination induced by a mouse hepatitis.

Visna, a demyelinating transmissible disease of sheep.

Epidemic myalgia, or pleurodynia, was probably first observed as a clinical entity by the Icelandic physician Jon Finsen.1In 1874 he described two epidemics of the disease, one of them occurring in 1856 and the other in 1866. Finsen called the disease pleurodynia. Since 1928 the disease has annually figured in the Icelandic health reports. Several authors have recently reported the successful isolation of strains of the so-called Coxsackie viruses in cases of epidemic pleurodynia.2These observations stimulated us to search for this type of virus in an epidemic that occurred in Reykjavik, in 1951. In the period from April to August, 1951, 225 cases of epidemic pleurodynia were registered in Reykjavik, a town of 57,500 inhabitants. The morbidity thus amounted to about 0.5%. In this period no cases of anterior acute poliomyelitis or aseptic meningitis were reported. The main symptoms and signs in these patients were as

https://jamanetwork.com/HttpHandlers/ArticlePdfHandler.ashx?journal=jama&articleId=286105&pdfFileName=jama_152_9_010d.pdf

Isolation of Coxsackie virus from patients with epidemic pleurodynia.

An epidemic of Asian influenza which occurred in Iceland in October and November 1957 is briefly described. About 8000 persons were vaccinated with two injections of a vaccine containing 100 CCA units of Asian virus per dose. The inactivated virus was adsorbed on aluminium phosphate. Data are given on the antibody production after vaccination.

The results of a survey indicate that vaccination with this type of vaccine, when performed early enough, reduced the incidence of influenza by some 67%. Moreover, the cases which did occur in vaccinated persons seemed to be of less than average severity.

Experience with influenza vaccination in Iceland, 1957.

Maedi, a Chronic, Progressive Infection of Sheep's Lungs

Handle everyday research tasks with reliable, citation-backed results

Your personal Research Agent to handle research tasks with citation-backed results

Popular Tasks used by Researchers

How can I help with your research?

Meet SciSpace

Get more enhanced response by uploading the PDFs you want me to reference.

No relevant PDFs in your library

SciSpace is the AI research assistant for academics. Run systematic literature reviews on 280M+ papers, and write papers with cited sources. Trusted by 1M+ students, PhDs & researchers.

SciSpace | AI for Research

Analyze PDFs

Code & Manuscripts

Funding & Grants

Literature & Patents

Medical & Clinical Data

Systematic Review

Visualize & Present

Web & Data

Build a Google Scholar-like website for your research.

Build a website

Create charts and images for your research

Create a Chart

Write a paper for submission to a journal

Draft a manuscript

Patent Search

Design eye-catching scientific posters in minutes.

Scientific Poster Generation

Systematic Literature Review

One task is running at the moment. Your messages will be shown right after.

Drag and drop or click here to browse

Loved by <highlight>1 million+</highlight> researchers

Extract a list of specific topics and their sources from unstructured text

Topics

Compare and analyze relevant papers that matches with your search

Papers

Get insights from PDFs and bookmarked papers from your library

My library

Recent searches

Try searching for:

Catch AI-generated content in scholarly and non-scholarly content

{ai} Detector

Ai Writer

Get PDF Summaries, highlighted text explanations 

Chat with PDF

Effortlessly create in-text citations and bibliographies in APA and 2,500 other formats

Citation generator

Get explanations, summaries, and answers on academic papers

Ease up your research workflow with {scispace}'s cohort of exciting AI tools

Elevate your academic writing skills and convey your ideas the way you want

Paraphraser

Explore our range of reading and writing tools

Your file is being prepared and should be ready in a few minutes. If it's a large file, it might take a bit longer. You can close this window, and we'll email you the file when it's done.

You have reached a maximum limit of <strong>{limit}</strong> columns in the table. Remove at least <strong>1</strong> column to add or create another one.

Halldór Grímsson

Author Tools

Chat about Author

Papers

Visna, a demyelinating transmissible disease of sheep.

Isolation of Coxsackie virus from patients with epidemic pleurodynia.

Experience with influenza vaccination in Iceland, 1957.

Maedi, a Chronic, Progressive Infection of Sheep's Lungs