This research investigated the protective effects of Ganoderma atrum polysaccharide (PSG-1) on acrylamide (AA) induced intestinal injury in rats. Our results showed that PSG-1 pretreatment effectively reduced the levels of malondialdehyde (MDA), but increased the activity of catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione (GSH) and the total glutathione (T-GSH), and significantly reduced oxidative stress in AA treated rats. Furthermore, PSG-1 pretreatment down-regulated pro-inflammatory cytokines i.e. interleukin 2 (IL-2), interleukin 1β (IL-1β) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and increased the amounts of anti-inflammatory cytokines i.e. interleukin 4 (IL-4) and interleukin 10 (IL-10), significantly reducing an inflammatory response in the intestines of rats. In AA induced intestinal injury, the tissue uric acid (UA) level and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity and the serum level of D-lactic acid (D-lactate), nitric oxide (NO) and endothelin-1 (ET-1) decreased significantly after treatment with PSG-1 and N-acetylcysteine (NAC). Histological observations of the small intestine confirmed the protective effects of different doses of PSG-1. These findings suggested that PSG-1 pretreatment could alleviate AA-induced oxidative stress, reduce inflammatory response, and inhibit AA absorption by protecting the intestinal barrier. Therefore, Ganoderma atrum polysaccharide has the potential to be a dietary supplement ingredient that provides protection against AA-induced gut injury.

Evaluation of the protective effects of Ganoderma atrum polysaccharide on acrylamide-induced injury in small intestine tissue of rats

BackgroundBy considering innovation as a new project in hospitals, all the project managements standard steps should be followed in execution. This study investigated the validation of a new set of measures in terms of providing a procedure for knowledge management-oriented innovation that enriches the hospital management system.MethodsThe relation between innovation and all the knowledge management areas, as the main constructs of project management, was illustrated by referring to project management standard steps and previous studies. Through consultations and meetings with a committee of professional project managers, a questionnaire was developed to measure ten knowledge management areas in hospitals innovation process. Additionally, a group of experts from hospital managers were invited to comment on the applicability of the questionnaires by considering if the items are measurable in hospitals practically.ResultsA close-ended, Likert-type scale items, consisted of ten sections, were developed based on project management body of knowledge thorough Delphi technique. It enables the managers to evaluate hospitals situation to be aware whether the organization follows the knowledge management standards in innovation process or not. By pilot study, confirmatory factor analysis and exploratory factor analysis were conducted to ensure the validity and reliability of the measurement items.ConclusionThe developed items seem to have a potential to help hospital managers and subsequently delivering new products/services successfully based on the standard procedures in their organization. In all innovation processes, the knowledge management areas and their standard steps help hospital managers by a new tool as questionnaire format.

/pdf/knowledge-management-orientation-an-innovative-perspective-19zwx0tt2p.pdf

Knowledge Management Orientation: An Innovative Perspective to Hospital Management.

Purpose: The growing debate on the board of director mechanisms to firm performance will for a long time remain area of research. The effectiveness of the board of director composition, responsibility, and accountability have become an area of research in the recent trend. This paper attempts to investigate the empirical study of the relationship between the board of director mechanisms and perceived performance of listed firms in Nigeria. The underpinning theory of the paper is rooted in agency theory and supported by resource dependence theory, and stewardship theory to increase the understanding of the influence of the board of director formation to perceived firm performance. The questionnaires were administered to the respondents, out of 182 questionnaires administered, 117 were returned. The number of valid questionnaires is 114. The data were analyzed using Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM). Empirical findings showed that board of director composition and accountability were positively associated with perceived firm performance. While the board of director responsibility has no relationship. Based on the knowledge of this paper, this is the first study that adopts the use of primary data to investigate the empirical study of the relationship between the board of director mechanisms and perceived performance of listed firms in Nigeria. The findings provide policymakers, stakeholders, and government with the approaches to overcome and resolved the conflict of interest between the board of director (agent) and shareholder (principal). The paper also offers some suggestions for future study.

/pdf/empirical-study-of-the-relationship-between-board-of-38oi5p50sp.pdf

Empirical Study of the Relationship between Board of Director Mechanisms and Perceived Performance of Listed Firms in Nigeria

The paper identifies the perceptions of first-year undergraduate students from the Faculty of Physical Education and Sports in Galati on online teaching activities, dominant and needful in the current pandemic context. The questionnaire used contains 23 items and was structured based on four distinctive factors, namely attractiveness, accessibility, motivation and efficiency; it was applied after the winter session of the academic year 2020–2021. The values of the internal consistency coefficient Cronbach’s alpha indicate for the four mentioned factors a high fidelity for the measurements of the investigated features. The results of the 147 completed questionnaires allowed the definition of the independent variables sex (boys and girls) and environment of origin (rural and urban) the identification of their influence on the scores of each item (dependent variables) by using the statistical technique MANOVA (multivariate and univariate analysis), besides the values of F and the corresponding significance thresholds; the magnitude of the effect, expressed by partial eta squared (η2p), was also calculated. Even if the averages of item scores differ between sexes and backgrounds, the differences noted are in few cases significant: attractiveness and socialization for those in urban areas; participation in activities and effective involvement for girls; technical deficiencies, platform logging and weak computer skills for those in rural areas; and an increase in free time for girls and students in urban areas. The study undertaken allows the identification of the favorable aspects and the shortcomings of online teaching activities, these being the premises for optimizing the teaching process in the following stages.

Investigating the Attitudes of First-Year Students of the Faculty of Physical Education and Sports of Galati towards Online Teaching Activities during the COVID-19 Pandemic

There is an ongoing debate among researchers and policy-makers on how to make transparency a powerful tool of healthcare systems. This study addresses how the availability and accessibility of information about medical services to the general population affects healthcare outcomes in Russia. A systematic review was conducted and reported according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviewing and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) guidelines. Transparency indicators of health facilities used in the world's most efficient healthcare systems are also reviewed. Although the increase of transparency in the Russian healthcare system is considered as a tool for improving its efficiency, very little has been done to improve the actual level of transparency. The existing institutional specifics of the Russian healthcare system impose serious restrictions on acceptable levels of transparency. In the reviewed empirical Russian studies, transparency is often viewed simplistically as either information available on the websites of medical organizations or issues related to the amount of accessible indicators of compulsory medical statistical reporting. The novelty of this study consists in (a) reviewing the most recent studies on the topic and (b) including studies in Russian in the analysis. We elaborate on general and specific policy implications for improving transparency-driven outcomes in the Russian healthcare system.

The impact of transparency constraints on the efficiency of the Russian healthcare system: systematic literature review.

Objective: The aim of this study was to investigate how Queen bee syndrome, which is known as the mobbing behaviors of female employees from other female employees or managers, as perceived by nurses who are predominantly female workers. Materials and Methods: The universe of the qualitative type patterned research was formed by 12 nurses between the ages of 20 and 40 who worked for at least one year in different parts of a private hospital on the Anatolian side of Istanbul province. Maximum diversity sampling method for purposes was used for sample selection. The research data were collected in the form of written recording and voice recording with an unstructured interview form, which includes the structure, gender, competence, support, conflict, and competition themes created by the researchers to evaluate the characteristics of Queen bee syndrome. Focus group interviews were held on 30 April 2018. The results were evaluated using descriptive analysis and indicator methods. Results: In the study, the nurses' responses to interview questions were examined and women managers felt more emotional than men managers, and therefore they were less successful in problem-solving than men managers, but they were more successful in communication among women. The majority of nurses stated that women managers are more suitable for management in healthcare, that they are open to change, but they are not enough for men to solve the problem due to the fact that they are more concerned with the details. In addition, a significant part of the nurses, more than one female managers can cause competition and conflict in the workplace, especially women managers with similar status, said that this situation is seen more. Conclusions: The results of this study indicate that the woman is adapting to the Queen bee syndrome because of her ambition, competition, and emotional approaches, but that she has not been able to produce enough of it due to the environment.

The perception of queen bee phenomenon in nurses; qualitative study in health sector.

Fadime ÇıNAr1 , Halil ŞeNGül1 , Haşim ÇAPAr1 , Cuma ÇAkmAk2 , Yusuf BilGe3 1İstanbul Sabahattin Zaim Üniversitesi, Sağlık Bilimleri Fakültesi, Sağlık Yönetimi Bölümü, İstanbul, Türkiye 2Hacettepe Üniversitesi, İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi, Sağlık Yönetimi Bölümü, Ankara, Türkiye 3İstanbul Sabahattin Zaim Üniversitesi, İnsan ve Toplum Bilimleri Fakültesi, Psikoloji Bölümü, İstanbul, Türkiye

/pdf/saglik-haberleri-algisi-bir-olcek-gelistirme-calismasi-f4mdvzdppc.pdf

Sağlık Haberleri Algısı: Bir Ölçek Geliştirme Çalışması

ABS TRACT Objective: The study was carried out to develop an application scale for complementary medicine applications in order to measure behaviors related to the reasons of application to complementary medicine applications in accordance for Turkish culture. Material and Methods: This study was carried out in June 2017-December 2017 with 387 patients who applied to a medical centre operating in Bursa province for complementary medicine applications. The data were obtained with a personal data sheet and a draft scale of application to 46-point complementary medical applications. For draft scale; descriptive factor analysis was performed for surface validity, expert evaluation, the correlation between the materials and Cronbach Alpha values for internal consistency/reliability, and structural validity. Results: Scope validity index of the scale as a result of the expert evaluation. 0.92. The correlation values between the scales are r=0.47-0.80, Cronbach Alpha=0.97. Kaiser-Meyer Olkin value of your scale=0.94, Bartlett test χ2=16566.489; p=0.000, and the 45-item single factor, accounting for 47% of the total variance explained. Conclusion: This scale is a reliable and valid measurement tool in determining the reasons for applying complementary medicine to individuals.

Causes for Applications to Complementary Medicine Practices: A Scale Development Study

Bu çalışmanın amacı, İstanbul'da ikamet eden bireylerin atık yönetimi ve sıfır atık projesine yönelik algı düzeylerini incelemektedir. Bu çalışma kesitsel ve tanımlayıcı tasarımda bir araştırmadır. Araştırmanın evrenini, İstanbul'da ikamet eden 18 yaş ve üzeri bireyler olup, örneklem büyüklüğü, yaşları 18 ile 66 arasında değişen 161 erkek ve 229 kadın olmak üzere 384 kişiden oluşmaktadır. Anketler, kolayda örnekleme yöntemine göre seçilen katılımcılara Google formlar ve yüz yüze görüşme yoluyla ulaştırılmıştır. Tüm istatistiksel analizlerde IBM SPSS paket programı kullanılmıştır. Medeni durum ile Atık Yönetimi ve Sıfır Atık Projesi Ölçeği toplam (p

/pdf/atik-yonetimi-ve-sifir-atik-projesinin-degerlendirilmesi-2dnhxhqn.pdf

Atik yöneti̇mi̇ ve sifir atik projesi̇ni̇n değerlendi̇ri̇lmesi̇: i̇stanbul i̇li̇ örneği̇

Saglik hizmetlerinin sunumu ve finansmani saglik sektorunun en onemli problemlerinden birini teskil etmektedir. Iskandinav ulkeleri gibi bazi ulkeler hem finansmani hem de hizmet sunumu devlet eliyle yaparken, Almanya, Fransa, Japonya ve Kanada gibi bazi ulkelerde hizmetler hem ozel hem devlet tarafindan sunulmakta sunulan bu hizmetlerin finansmani vergi gelirleri ve primlerle karsilanmaktadir. Amerika Birlesik Devletleri’nde ise ozel sektorun sundugu hizmetler ya ozel sigortalar ya da cepten harcamalar seklinde saglanmaktadir. Saglik hizmetleri yuksek profesyonellik iceren ve yuksek maliyetler iceren hizmetlerdir. Bu yuksek maliyetlerin finansmaninin nasil saglanacagi bir tartisma konusu olarak karsimiza cikmaktadir. Saglik hizmetleri finansmaninin bir diger tartismali olan konusu ise odeme yontemlerinin ne sekilde olacagidir. Saglik hizmetlerinde verilen hizmetin karmasikligi odeme islemlerinin de karmasik hale gelmesinin baslica nedenlerinden biridir. Ulkeler kisitli kaynaklarini saglik hizmetleri icin harcarken mumkun olan en kaliteli ve hakkaniyete uygun hizmetlere ulasmak ve optimal verimliligi saglamak icin farkli odeme yontemsileri arayislarina girmislerdir. Diagnosis releated group (DRG) bu amacla ortaya cikarilan bir siniflandirma ya da puanlandirma yontemidir. Dunyada 20'den fazla ulke halen DRG tabanli sistemler gelistirmekte ve odeme yontemi olarak kullanmaktadir. Turkiye’de ise Teshis iliskili gruplar (TIG) adiyla kullanima baslanmis kamu hastanelerinin alacaklarinin %10 luk kismi TIG dogrultusunda yapilmaya devam etmektedir. Biz bu calismamizda Turkiye’de ve dunyada TIG uygulamalari ile ilgili degerlendirmeler yaparak uygulamanin pozitif ve negatif yonlerini ortaya koymayi planladik.

/pdf/saglik-hizmetlerinde-odeme-mekanizmalari-ve-teshis-ile-44btky4qfg.pdf

Sağlik hi̇zmetleri̇nde ödeme mekani̇zmalari ve teşhi̇s i̇le i̇li̇şki̇li̇ gruplar

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