Desalination brine disposal methods and treatment technologies - A review.

To date, according to the latest literature inputs, membranes-based technologies (microfiltration, ultrafiltration and nanofiltration) have demonstrated to meet the recovery of biologically active compounds, mainly phenolic compounds and their derivatives, from agro-food products and by-products. The goal of this paper is to provide a critical overview of the on ongoing development works aimed at improving the separation, fractionation and concentration of phenolic compounds and their derivatives from their original sources. The literature data are analyzed and discussed in relation to separation processes, molecule properties, membrane characteristics and key factors affecting the performance of such technologies. Technological advances and improvements over conventional technologies, as well as critical aspects to be further investigated are highlighted and discussed. Finally, a critical outlook about the current status for a large-scale application and the role of these processes from an environmental viewpoint is provided.

Membrane-based technologies for meeting the recovery of biologically active compounds from foods and their by-products.

Wastewater treatment can consume a large amount of energy to meet discharge standards. However, wastewater also contains resources which could be recovered for secondary uses under proper treatment. Hence, the goal of this paper is to review the available green energy and biomass energy that can be utilized in wastewater treatment plants. Comprehensive elucidation of energy-efficient technologies for wastewater treatment plants are revealed. For these energy-efficient technologies, this review provides an introduction and current application status of these technologies as well as key performance indicators for the integration of green energy and energy-efficient technologies. There are several assessment perspectives summarized in the evaluation of the integration of green energy and energy-efficient technologies in wastewater treatment plants. To overcome the challenges in wastewater treatment plants, the Internet of Things (IoT) and green chemistry technologies for the water and energy nexus are proposed. The findings of this review are highly beneficial for the development of green energy and energy-efficient wastewater treatment plants. Future research should investigate the integration of green infrastructure and ecologically advanced treatment technologies to explore the potential benefits and advantages.

Integration of Green Energy and Advanced Energy-Efficient Technologies for Municipal Wastewater Treatment Plants

A comparative study on minimum and actual energy consumption for the treatment of desalination brine

Magnetically responsive membrane obtained by grafting polyHEMA on nanofiltration membrane by atom transfer radical polymerization was demonstrated to break concentration polarization by micro mixing in presence of external magnetic field during the treatment of coal bed methane produced water. A systematic study was carried out to optimize the time and frequency of the magnetic field with respect to the increased energy costs for creating the field and decreased pumping costs due to increased flux. The effect of optimized experimental parameters on the performance of the modified membranes has been investigated in terms of permeability and salt rejection. A comparative evaluation was carried out to investigate the effect of cleaning and change in surface properties in terms of functionality as well as morphology due to the treatment of actual coal bed methane produced water using base membrane and magnetically activated membranes.

Magnetically responsive nano filtration membranes for treatment of coal bed methane produced water

Hydraulic fracturing has become a reliable source for oil and natural gas, yet widespread use has led to significant issues with water consumption and sustainable sourcing. Research into the reuse of produced water and flowback water have focused on mitigating water demand in this industry through membrane separation technology. In general, nanofiltration and reverse osmosis have been thought to be more economically viable for the treatment of produced and flowback water at high flowrates. However, electrodialysis and electrodeionization are generally more flexible for production of produced water and brackish water for reuse in fracturing operations when contaminant concentrations in produced water and flowback water are low. Electrodialysis and electrodeionization can also significantly reduce wastewater produced from water treatment, decreasing the amount of water that must be disposed by deep well injection. Thus, there are many cases where electrically driven processes compete well with press...

Economic comparison of pressure driven membrane processes to electrically driven processes for use in hydraulic fracturing

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Economic comparison of pressure driven membrane processes to electrically driven processes for use in hydraulic fracturing