Background
Use of smokeless tobacco (ST) is increasing in many communities. We investigated whether ST alters the cytological and cytomorphometric features of buccal mucosa cells.

Methods
Twenty male participants who had used Nicotiana rustica Linn.-containing ST (Maras powder) for at least 10 years, and 20 healthy male controls who did not use ST, were included in this study. After rinsing the mouth with water, samples were taken using a toothbrush from the buccal mucosa of subjects in both groups. Samples were gently spread over a glass slide. After applying a cytofixative spray, the Papanicolaou method was used to stain the slides. The presence of dysplasia, dyskeratosis, parakeratosis, hyperkeratosis, hypergranulosis, karyorrhexis, and pyknosis was evaluated by light microscopy, as were the increment amount of candida, cocco-bacillus, and Leptotrichia buccalis. Cytomorphometric analysis was performed and at least 20 cells with well-defined borders were evaluated from each slide, and the cellular diameter (CD), nuclear diameter (ND), and nucleus/cytoplasm (N/C) ratio of the cells were analyzed using a 60× objective.

Results
Other than the presence of dysplasia and candida, all measured cytological parameters were significantly higher in the ST users than in the non-ST users. Furthermore, CD was lower while nuclear/cytoplasmic ratio was higher in the ST users than in those non-ST users.

Conclusion
Cytological changes associated with the use of ST, include dyskeratosis, parakeratosis, hyperkeratosis, hypergranulosis, karyorrhexis, pyknosis together with increase in the bacterial population of cocco-bacillus and L. buccalis. There were no significant differences in patients with dysplasia in spite of reduction of CD, increased nuclear size and N/C ratio.

Cytological and cytomorphometric characteristics of buccal mucosa cells from smokeless tobacco users

Introduction The aim of this study is to assess clinical characteristics and smoking profiles of individuals diagnosed with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and compare their nicotine dependence status with healthy controls for better understanding the mutual and complex relationship between ADHD and smoking. Methods We included the following participants in the study: 40 adults with the diagnosis of ADHD, 40 participants who visited the smoking cessation polyclinic without any psychiatric disorders, and 40 healthy controls. A sociodemographic data form, Wender Utah Rating Scale (WURS), Adult ADD/ADHD Diagnosis and Evaluation Inventory, and Fagerstrom Nicotine Dependence Test (FNDT) were administered to the participants. Results Mean age of the ADHD, nicotine dependence, and control groups was 28.68±7.22, 34.17±8.60, 33.70±7.45 years, respectively. Percentages of females and males were 27.5% and 72.5% in the ADHD group, 50% and 50% in the nicotine dependence group, 47.5% and 52.5% in the control group. The attention-deficit scores in the ADHD, nicotine dependence, and control groups were 21.18±5.05, 7.23±3.96, 4.75±2.65, respectively (p=0.001), whereas the hyperactivity scores were.73±5.84, 6.43±4.2, and 3.58±2.27, respectively (p=0.001). The related features scores were 56.53±12.96, 24.30±13.93, and 13.13±6.11, respectively (p=0.001), whereas the WURS scores were 61.88±12.69, 23.03±16.07, 11.90±8.15, respectively (p=0.001). FNDT scores in ADHD and nicotine dependence groups were 5.83±2.11 and 6.20±2.74, respectively (p=0.495). Conclusion Considering the argument of ADHD being an independent risk factor for nicotine dependence, we think the co-occurrence of the smoking addiction and ADHD symptoms in the context of dopamine dysregulation is important in the clinical setting. Treatment modalities and of preventive strategies should be considered while keeping this in mind.

/pdf/attention-deficit-hyperactivity-disorder-and-nicotine-26uoehb317.pdf

Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder and Nicotine Dependence in Adults

Nocturnal enuresis (NE) may negatively affect social and emotional life as well as mood in both children and their mothers. The aim of this study is to evaluate severity of self-reported depressive symptomatology and determine the relevant factors in children with primary monosymptomatic nocturnal enuresis (MNE) and their mothers by using depression inventories. Children Depression Inventory (CDI) for children and Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) for mothers were administered to the study group. The children and mothers in the patient and control groups were compared according to the depression inventory scores. The relationship of various sociodemographic factors with those scores was also investigated. BDI scores of the mothers of children with primary MNE demonstrated minor depressive symptomatology and were significantly higher than the mothers in the control group (p = 0.002). Moreover, although within the normal range, CDI scores of the children with primary MNE were also significantly higher than the controls (p = 0.031). Main factors associated with BDI scores were the presence of primary MNE, maternal educational level, and CDI scores. School achievement of the children, monthly income of the family, and BDI scores were found to be correlated to the CDI scores. Primary MNE was found to be associated with negative mood of the mothers in the present study. As misinformed parental attitudes adversely affect family dynamics, improved awareness of, and maternal education regarding primary MNE is vital in improving the holistic outcome of families affected by MNE.

Severity of self-reported depressive symptomatology and relevant factors in children with primary monosymptomatic nocturnal enuresis and their mothers

Introduction: This study was conducted to evaluate the accompanying psychosocial problems in enuresis as well as the social anxiety-depression levels in children diagnosed with enuresis. Methods: This descriptive study investigating depression and social anxiety levels of children diagnosed with enuresis was carried out with 167 children who were followed up for at least six months following their enuresis diagnosis. All participating children had no other physical or mental illnesses and were aged five years or older. Data were collected using three measurement tools and evaluated using descriptive, correlational analyzes. Results: In this study, 69.4% of the children diagnosed with enuresis were aged 7-12 years. 38.3% of their parents used “reward”, while 37.1% preferred “punishment” as a method for toilet training their children. The children’s depression and social anxiety mean scores were 21.48±7.29 and 54.58±8.84, respectively. A strong positive correlation was found between the children’s mean depression and social anxiety scores (r=0.677, p<0.001). The median depression scores of children were found to be statistically significantly different according to the children’s type of family, night sleep characteristics, type of enuresis, school success, and family life (p<0.05). Those with fragmented families (p=0.049), who did not sleep deeply at night (p=0.031), who slept for about 5-7 hours a day (p<0.01), and those whose school success was negatively affected by enuresis (p=0.021) and those who were exposed to negative family life (p=0.034) all obtained statistically significantly higher median depression scores. Conclusion: Children with enuresis had low depression and moderate social anxiety and their depression increased as their social anxiety increased. The children experienced psychosocial difficulties due to enuresis. When treating children with enuresis, it is necessary to consider both the affected child and their families through the adoption of a holistic approach, and also to evaluate the children both physically and psychosocially.

https://www.cureus.com/articles/107076-evaluating-the-social-anxiety-depression-levels-and-accompanying-psychosocial-problems-in-children-diagnosed-with-enuresis.pdf

Evaluating the Social Anxiety Depression Levels and Accompanying Psychosocial Problems in Children Diagnosed with Enuresis

Amac: Enurezisli cocuklar ve annelerindeki anksiyete durumunu degerlendirmek Gerec ve Yontem: Arastirma 96 cocuk (52 enuretik cocuk, 44 saglikli cocuk) ve annelerinden olusmaktadir. Cocuklarda Cocukluk Cagi Anksiyete Tarama Olcegi, annelerde Anlik ve Surekli Anksiyete Olcekleri kullanilarak anksiyete duzeyleri degerlendirildi. Bulgular: Enuretik hastalarin cocukluk cagi anksiyete tarama olcegi (CATO) puani ortalamasi kontrol grubundan daha yuksekti (32,5±10,7 ve 26,7±10,6 p=0,009). Enuretik cocuklarin annelerinin Surekli Anksiyete Olcek puani ortalamasi kontrol grubundaki annelerin puanindan daha yuksek bulundu (49,4±8,8 ve 42,4±6,8 p=0,001). Sonuc: Arastirmamizda PEN’li cocuklar ve annelerinde anksiyete duzeyleri kontrol grubuna gore yuksek bulundu. Gece idrar kacirma, cocuklari ve anneleri etkileyen onemli bir sorundur. Enuretik cocuklarda ve annelerinde anksiyetenin taninmasi ve yonetimi basarili bir tedavi icin oldukca onemlidir.

/pdf/evaluation-of-anxiety-levels-in-children-and-their-mothers-1t2gno0x93.pdf

Evaluation of anxiety levels in children and their mothers with monosymptomatic nocturnal enuresis

Objective: This study was performed to determine the presence of social anxiety and depression symptoms severity in children and adolescents diagnosed as primary nocturnal enuresis. Materials and Methods: The study included 168 children and adolescents presented to the out patient clinics of pediatrics and pediatric nephrology between December 2013 and March 2014. The patients and their parents were informed about the study and those giving informed consent were included in the study. Of 168 participants, 82 diagnosed as primary nocturnal enuresis were assigned into the patient group and 86 were assigned into the control group. The participants were administered the Social Anxiety Scale for Children –Revised and the Depression Scale for Children. Results: Of 198 participants, 92 (54.8%) were male and 76 (45.2%) were female. The mean age was 10.9±1.8 years in the patient group and 11.09±1.44 years in the control group. Both groups were similar in terms of the mean age (p=0.463) and gender (p=0.854). The patient group got 25.0±3.5 from the Depression Scale for Children and the control group got 25.3±4.9 for the Depression Scale for Children without a significant difference (p=0.635). The patient group and the control group got 44.0±13.6 and 36.5±9.5 for the Social Anxiety Scale for Children –Revised respectively. The patientgroup got significantly higher scores for the Social Anxiety Scale for Children –Revised (p=0000). Conclusion: The results showed that the patients diagnosed as primary nocturnal enuresis had a higher degree of anxiety than the control group. Considering psychology in childhood and adolescence, primary nocturnal enuresis is an important source of psychological problems. Therefore, it is of great importance to perform a psychiatric evaluation and to offer appropriate psychiatric support in addition to medical treatment

/pdf/evaluation-of-anxiety-and-depression-symptoms-severity-in-33o54xtfji.pdf

Evaluation of Anxiety and Depression Symptoms Severity in Children and Adolescents Diagnosed as Primary Nocturnal Enuresis

Background: The aim of this study was to evaluate adult attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in smokers, Maras powder users and non-users of tobacco products by using the Adult Attention Deficit and Hyperactivity Disorder Self-report Scale (ASRS). Methods: The study was performed on 446 males presenting to family health centers in Kahramanmara, Turkey. Of 446 participants, 104 were Maras powder users, 133 were smokers and 209 were volunteers not using any tobacco products. Data were collected with a questionnaire composed of questions about socio-demographic features and features of smoking and Maras powder use, and the Fagerstrom Nicotine Dependence Scale and the ASRS. P < 0.05 was considered significant. Results: The mean age of the participants was 33.94 ± 10.68 years (min = 18, max = 64). There was no significant difference in age between the study groups (P = 0.089). Thirty-one participants (7.0%) received scores higher than the cut-off value (≥ 14 points) for the short form of...

Evaluation of adult attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in smokers and Maras powder users.

Objective: This study was performed to determine the presence of social anxiety and depression symptoms severity in children and adolescents diagnosed as primary nocturnal enuresis. Materials and Methods: The study included 168 children and adolescents presented to the outpatient clinics of pediatrics and pediatric nephrology between December 2013 and March 2014. The patients and their parents were informed about the study and those giving informed consent were included in the study. Of 168 participants, 82 diagnosed as primary nocturnal enuresis were assigned into the patient group and 86 were assigned into the control group. The participants were administered the Social Anxiety Scale for Children –Revised and the Depression Scale for Children. Results: Of 198 participants, 92 (54.8%) were male and 76 (45.2%) were female. The mean age was 10.9±1.8 years in the patient group and 11.09±1.44 years in the control group. Both groups were similar in terms of the mean age (p=0.463)

Primer Enürezis Noktürna Tanili Çocuk ve Ergenlerde Anksiyete ve Depresyon Belirti Şiddetinin Değerlendirilmesi Evaluation of Anxiety and Depression Symptoms Severity in Children and Adolescents Diagnosed as Primary Nocturnal Enuresis

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Evaluation of Anxiety and Depression Symptoms Severity in Children and Adolescents Diagnosed as Primary Nocturnal Enuresis

Evaluation of adult attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in smokers and Maras powder users.

Primer Enürezis Noktürna Tanili Çocuk ve Ergenlerde Anksiyete ve Depresyon Belirti Şiddetinin Değerlendirilmesi Evaluation of Anxiety and Depression Symptoms Severity in Children and Adolescents Diagnosed as Primary Nocturnal Enuresis