Review of the lubrication of metallic surfaces by zinc dialkyl-dithiophosphates

Analysis and comparison of performance and emissions of an internal combustion engine fuelled with petroleum diesel and different bio-diesels

Ultrasmooth submicrometer carbon spheres are demonstrated as an efficient additive for improving the tribological performance of lubricating oils. Carbon spheres with ultrasmooth surfaces are fabricated by ultrasound assisted polymerization of resorcinol and formaldehyde followed by controlled heat treatment. The tribological behavior of the new lubricant mixture is investigated in the boundary and mixed lubrication regimes using a pin-on-disk apparatus and cylinder-on-disk tribometer, respectively. The new lubricant composition containing 3 wt % carbon spheres suspended in a reference SAE 5W30 engine oil exhibited a substantial reduction in friction and wear (10–25%) compared to the neat oil, without change in the viscosity. Microscopic and spectroscopic investigation of the carbon spheres after the tribological experiments illustrated their excellent mechanical and chemical stability. The significantly better tribological performance of the hybrid lubricant is attributed to the perfectly spherical shape...

Ultrasmooth submicrometer carbon spheres as lubricant additives for friction and wear reduction.

Emissions, performance and cylinder pressure of diesel engine fuelled by biodiesel fuel

This article gives the principle of hydrodynamic lubrication and also presents the new phenomenon of levitating drops over liquid film flow, which is explained using hydrodynamic lubrication theory.

Hydrodynamic lubrication: Experiment with ‘Floating’ drops

Biodiesel is an alternative fuel for Diesel engines made from new/used vegetable oils and animal fats. It is bio-degradable and has lower hydrocarbon emission levels and similar performance characteristics compared to conventional Diesel fuel. After modifying its molecular structure through a transesterification process, biodiesel (rapeseed oil methyl ester - RME) can be used as an alternative fuel in compression ignition engines without any modification. Modern internal combustion engines must have longer oil drain periods to decrease operating costs and environmental pollution levels. Related studies indicate that biodiesel fuel has a potential for reducing engine wear. This experimental study investigates the effect of commercial Diesel fuel and RME on lubricating oil performance and the exhaust emissions. Performance, emissions and long-term wear tests were carried out and discussed on a single cylinder marine Diesel engine for both Diesel fuel and 100 % RME. Results indicated that the RME has a deteriorating effect on lubricating oil performance by decreasing oil viscosity degree and base number. Ferrous element is the main evidence of the engine wear and it was increased depending on lowering viscosity relating to the fuel dilution and rising running period. Although carbon monoxide and hydrocarbon pollutants in exhaust gas decreased with RME, nitric oxides raised significantly as well as performance results which remained similar except for specific fuel consumption.

/pdf/the-effect-and-comparison-of-biodiesel-diesel-fuel-on-gc4lq84yti.pdf

The Effect and Comparison of Biodiesel-Diesel Fuel on Crankcase Oil, Diesel Engine Performance and Emissions

Two 10W30 mineral‐base phosphorus containing (commercial) and phosphorus‐free (P‐Free) crankcase oils were tested in the engine dynamometer for the poisoning effects on a catalytic converter and emission‐engine’s performance The emission results of the two oils were compared with and without a catalytic converter, including the light‐off temperature of the catalyst Surface characterisation was used to determine accumulated catalyst poisoning from the oil additives The performance analysis shows that the catalytic converter lowers the torque and power for the commercial and P‐Free oils, whereas the specific fuel consumption increases for both oils in the presence of the catalytic converter In both cases of the presence and the absence of catalytic converter the torque, power and specific fuel consumption remain the same for phosphorus containing and P‐Free oils The presence of the catalytic converter shows lower HC and CO and higher CO2 emissions for both P‐Free and commercial oils Surface characteri

The impact of crankcase oil containing phosphorus on catalytic converters and engine exhaust emissions

Measurement of friction force and effects of oil fortifier in engine journal bearings under dynamic loading conditions

The more frequently an engine oil is changed, the more the overhaul life of the engine is extended but with an increase in the cost both of the oil and of the oil drain services If engine oil is changed less frequently the associated costs will decrease In order to find the optimum drain interval, it is necessary to establish the relationship between the cost of the oil and oil drain services and the cost of more frequent overhauls Presents an investigation into the degradation of a proprietary lubricant marketed in Turkey, and the wear rate of a petrol engine driven in urban traffic Lubricant samples were examined approximately every 2,000km for deterioration of the lubricant and evidence of wear of the engine components From the experimental results, determines the optimum oil drain period of the engine

Oil ageing ‐ drain period in a petrol engine

Purpose




The purpose of this paper is to present an approach to compute accurately the distributions of the frictional heat generated, contact pressure and thermal stresses at any instant during the sliding period (heating phase) of the single-disc friction clutch system works in the dry condition and the complex interaction among them.




Design/methodology/approach




Numerical work was achieved using the developed elastic and thermal finite element models (axisymmetric models) to simulate the engagement of the single-disc friction clutch system.




Findings




The change of distribution of contact pressure during the sliding period (heating phase) affects significantly the magnitude and distribution of the produced thermal stress. The high local heat generated appeared in the contacting surfaces because of the non-uniformity of the distribution of contact pressure during the heating phase (sliding time) and this will dramatically increase the thermal stresses.




Originality/value




Sequentially coupled thermal-mechanical approach was developed to investigate the thermal stresses problem in automotive clutches under dry conditions. This approach is considered a promising approach to investigate the effect of material, sliding time, torque function, etc., on the thermal stresses of different types of friction clutch.

Thermal stress analysis of dry friction clutches

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