Abstract Photonic actuators, serving as an emerging kind of intelligent stimuli‐responsive material, can exhibit the abilities to change their structural colors/fluorescence and shapes under specific external stimuli, which have demonstrated essential applications in the fields of intelligent soft robotics, sensors, bionics, information storage, anti‐counterfeiting, and energy harvesting. In this review, we reported the state‐of‐the‐art research progress of stimuli‐responsive photonic actuators classified on the basis of the material type and focusing on the actuation mechanisms, design principles, and processing techniques. We also broadly summarized the relative applications of photonic actuators in bionics, intelligent robots, sensors, and so on. Finally, a vision for the challenges in the area and future promising directions of stimuli‐responsive photonic actuators is presented. 

Stimuli‐responsive photonic actuators for integrated biomimetic and intelligent systems

Investigation into Enhanced Catalytic Performance for Epoxidation of Styrene over LaSrCoxFe2–xO6 Double Perovskites: The Role of Singlet Oxygen Species Promoted by the Photothermal Effect

Food safety is a global issue in public hygiene. The accurate, sensitive, and on-site detection of various food contaminants performs significant implications. However, traditional methods suffer from the time-consuming and professional operation, restricting their on-site application. Hydrogels with the merits of highly porous structure, high biocompatibility, good shape-adaptability, and stimuli-responsiveness offer a promising biomaterial to design sensors for ensuring food safety. This review describes the emerging applications of hydrogel-based sensors in food safety inspection in recent years. In particular, this study elaborates on their fabrication strategies and unique sensing mechanisms depending on whether the hydrogel is stimuli-responsive or not. Stimuli-responsive hydrogels can be integrated with various functional ligands for sensitive and convenient detection via signal amplification and transduction; while non-stimuli-responsive hydrogels are mainly used as solid-state encapsulating carriers for signal probe, nanomaterial, or cell and as conductive media. In addition, their existing challenges, future perspectives, and application prospects are discussed. These practices greatly enrich the application scenarios and improve the detection performance of hydrogel-based sensors in food safety detection.

Hydrogel-integrated sensors for food safety and quality monitoring: Fabrication strategies and emerging applications.

The large‐pore interconnected channels in cryogels, allow convectional flow and rapid mass‐transport of solute constituents between the solution and cryogel polymer framework, as compared to slower, diffusionally‐controlled mass‐transport in small‐pore hydrogels. These features are applied to develop enzyme‐loaded polyacrylamide (pAAm) cryogels, and glucose oxidase (GOx)‐loaded pH‐responsive DNA‐based pAAm cryogels, revealing enhanced biocatalytic transformations, enhanced temporal stiffness changes, and mechanical bending functions, as compared to analog hydrogels. DNA‐based pAAm cryogel/hydrogel matrices, revealing pH‐switchable stiffness properties through reversible reconfiguration of DNA‐bridging units into i‐motif structures, are introduced. Enhanced switchable stiffness changes of DNA‐based pAAm cryogels, as compared to analog hydrogels, are demonstrated upon subjecting the cryogel/hydrogel matrices to auxiliary pH‐changes, or by integration of GOx into the frameworks, and driving pH‐changes through GOx‐catalyzed aerobic oxidation of glucose to gluconic acid. Enhanced stiffness changes of pAAm cryogels represent a major advance to control the mechanical properties of cryogels and are attributed to the convectionally‐controlled mass‐transport in the cryogel matrices. Moreover, bilayer constructs consisting of poly‐N‐isopropylacrylamide (pNIPAM) cryogels and pH‐responsive DNA‐based pAAm cryogel or hydrogel structures are constructed. Enhanced pH/glucose triggered mechanical bending rates of the pNIPAM cryogel/pAAm cryogel or pNIPAM cryogel/GOx‐loaded pAAm cryogel, as compared to analog pNIPAM cryogel/pAAm hydrogel frameworks are demonstrated.

Stiffness‐Switchable, Biocatalytic pH‐Responsive DNA‐Functionalized Polyacrylamide Cryogels and their Mechanical Applications

In recent years, many researchers have focused on designing hydrogels with specific functional groups that exhibit high affinity for various contaminants, such as heavy metals, organic pollutants, pathogens, or nutrients, or environmental parameters. Novel approaches, including cross-linking strategies and the use of nanomaterials, have been employed to enhance the structural integrity and performance of the desired hydrogels. The evolution of these hydrogels is further highlighted, with an emphasis on fine-tuning features, including water absorption capacity, environmental pollutant/factor sensing and selectivity, and recyclability. Furthermore, this review investigates the emerging topic of stimuli-responsive smart hydrogels, underscoring their potential in both sorption and detection of water pollutants. By critically assessing a wide range of studies, this review not only synthesizes existing knowledge, but also identifies advantages and limitations, and describes future research directions in the field of chemically engineered hydrogels for water purification and monitoring with a low environmental impact as an important resource for chemists and multidisciplinary researchers, leading to improvements in sustainable water management technology. 

Functional Bio-Based Polymeric Hydrogels for Wastewater Treatment: From Remediation to Sensing Applications

Lead ion (Pb2+) contamination is a worldwide serious environment problem. Although various methods have been developed for detection or removal of Pb2+ in water environment, possessing both highly-selective, visual monitoring...

/pdf/a-novel-ion-responsive-photonic-hydrogel-for-portable-visual-16muyx9q.pdf

A novel ion-responsive photonic hydrogel for portable visual detection and timely removal of lead ions in water

Developing multifunctional materials for 2-naphthol (2-NAP) monitoring is urgently demanded since 2-NAP brings us convenience but also cause serious environment and health issues. Herein, we reported a novel β-cyclodextrin (β-CD)-based...

A novel β-cyclodextrin-based molecular-responsive photonic hydrogel chemosensor for highly sensitive and visual detection of 2-naphthol

Evolution of high specific surface area lanthanum aerogels to magnetic lanthanum hydroxide nanostructures

A Novel Molecular-Responsive Photonic Hydrogel Chemosensor for Highly Sensitive and Visual Detection of 2-Naphthol

We herein report a novel chiral magnetic molybdenum disulfide nanocomposite (MMoS2/PNG-CD) with a high enantioselectivity and excellent thermosensitivity and magnetism. The prepared MMoS2/PNG-CD shows temperature-dependent chiral discrimination and enantioselectivity toward a chiral drug RS-propranolol (RS-PPL), which is based on the molecular recognition ability of beta-cyclodextrin (β-CD) and the thermosensitivity of poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAM). The synthesized MMoS2/PNG2-CD by using a monomer molar ratio of GMA to NIPAM of 2 : 1 demonstrates a high selectivity toward R-PPL over S-PPL due to the synergistic effect of the PNIPAM moieties and β-CD hosts. The thermo-induced volume phase transition (VPT) of the introduced PNIPAM moieties significantly affects the inclusion constants of the β-CD/R-PPL complex, and thus the loading and desorption of R-PPL on the MMoS2/PNG2-CD. The enantioselectivity at temperatures below the lower critical solution temperature (LCST) of the PNG-β-CD grafting chains is much higher than that at temperatures above the LCST. As a result, the regeneration of the MMoS2/PNG2-CD is easily achieved via simply changing the operating temperature. Moreover, the regenerated MMoS2/PNG2-CD can be readily recovered from the RS-PPL solution under an external magnetic field for reuse. Such a multifunctional molybdenum disulfide nanocomposite with a high enantioselectivity and excellent thermosensitivity and regenerability is promising to serve as a high-performance nanoselector for direct resolution of various β-blocker drugs.

A chiral magnetic molybdenum disulfide nanocomposite for direct enantioseparation of RS-propranolol

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