Soil salinization is one of the most common land desertification processes that can be found worldwide. It is a certainly severe environment hazard and threatens the stability of ecosystems. As a rapid and inexpensive tool, remote sensing technology combining with the measurements of soil spectra has been widely concerned on identifying and mapping salt effect on lands. However, as effects of the soil moisture often immerge the effects of salt to soil reflectance spectra, soil moisture became a major factor to restrict soil salinity monitoring from soil reflectance. High soil moisture content will lead to failure on soil salinity estimation from soil reflectance data. In this paper, a semianalytical model using an exponent function was developed to estimate soil salt content (SSC) under different moisture levels based on a control laboratory experiment. And the root-mean-square error and mean relative error were 0.799 g/kg and 31.294%, respectively, when the model was applied to estimate SSCs by wet soil reflectance. To sum up, considering both effects of soil moisture and soil salt on soil reflectance, the semianalytical model reduced SSC estimated error. The approach presented in this paper provides a new way of estimating soil salinity from soil spectra under various soil moisture conditions, and it will be a potential application for large-scale SSC mapping.

Estimating Soil Salinity Under Various Moisture Conditions: An Experimental Study

Quantified information on land degradation and restoration is needed to support policies for sustainable ecosystem management and socioeconomic development. The arid and semiarid zones of China (ASZC) have experienced significant land degradation, and in response to such degradation, multiple ecological projects were implemented. In this study, remote sensing was used to identify degrading areas and where the degraded areas have been restored from 1990 in this ecologically sensitive region. Specifically, we integrated datasets from the ChinaCover and Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer products to characterize changes in vegetation, ecosystems, and environmental conditions. The results confirmed that deforestation, desertification, grassland degradation, wetland loss, and the encroachment upon farmlands were notable in the ASZC. Agricultural activity has cultivated extensive areas of natural ecosystems (46,474 km²). The expansion of built‐up lands in terms of national policies has destroyed large areas of natural (5,487 km²) and agricultural (4,138 km²) ecosystems and continually results in negative impacts on ecological conservation. China has restored some lands (7,732 km² from farmlands and 24,904 km² from barren lands) and improved ecosystems, as characterized by increases in the normalized different vegetation index, leaf area index, net primary productivity, and gross primary productivity values in the ASZC, especially after the implementation of many ecological projects. However, it is also necessary to document the conclusions and lessons from these projects to guide future ecological policies and projects in the context of the substantial new challenges facing the protection of this ecologically sensitive environment.

Land degradation and restoration in the arid and semiarid zones of China: Quantified evidence and implications from satellites

Analysis and simulation of land use spatial pattern in Harbin prefecture based on trajectories and cellular automata—Markov modelling

Assessment of habitat suitability for waterbirds in the West Songnen Plain, China, using remote sensing and GIS

Trinitrotoluene (TNT), a commonly used explosive for military and industrial applications, can cause serious environmental pollution. 28-day laboratory pot experiment was carried out applying bioaugmentation using laboratory selected bacterial strains as inoculum, biostimulation with molasses and cabbage leaf extract, and phytoremediation using rye and blue fenugreek to study the effect of these treatments on TNT removal and changes in soil microbial community responsible for contaminant degradation. Chemical analyses revealed significant decreases in TNT concentrations, including reduction of some of the TNT to its amino derivates during the 28-day tests. The combination of bioaugmentation-biostimulation approach coupled with rye cultivation had the most profound effect on TNT degradation. Although plants enhanced the total microbial community abundance, blue fenugreek cultivation did not significantly affect the TNT degradation rate. The results from molecular analyses suggested the survival and...

Microbial community changes in TNT spiked soil bioremediation trial using biostimulation, phytoremediation and bioaugmentation

Shrinkage and fragmentation of grasslands in the West Songnen Plain, China

The current study addressed the spatial variation of soil organic matter (SOM), total nitrogen (TN), extractable phosphorus (EP), and extractable potassium (EK) in agricultural soils of a representative region, northeast China. Soil cation exchange capacity (CEC) and the effects of landscape attributes and land use were also investigated. The techniques used included conventional statistics, geostatistics, and geographic information systems (GIS). Our study demonstrated that EP had the greatest coefficient of variation (CV), and CEC had the least CV. The experimental semivariograms of the five soil chemical properties included in this study were all fitted with exponential models. The five soil variables all showed moderate spatial dependence. The SOM, EK, and CEC decreased with increasing altitude. Significant negative relationships were found between the slope gradient and EP, EK, and CEC. Relatively steeper slopes might result in greater soil erosion, which leads to a decline in soil nutrients. Soil ty...

Landscape and Land‐Use Effects on the Spatial Variation of Soil Chemical Properties

A t present, natural soil erosion processes are mainly understood to be single-agent-induced—for instance, by water, wind, gravity, or by freeze-thaw alternation—with rarely investigating the hybrid erosion forms (Fryrear et al. 2000; Sharratt et al. 2000; Gao et al. 2002; Boardman 2006). Soil erosion in a fluvialoaeolian system is only addressed at a beginning stage, which still needs more adequate explorations for further understanding related sub-processes and patterns (Harrison and Yair 1998; El Baz et al. 1999). Therefore, natural soil erosion types are outlined in a general sense as water erosion, wind erosion, freeze-thaw erosion, and gravitational erosion, with only few sprouting reports on hybrid erosion phenomena caused by fluvialoaeolian interactions.

This article reports for the first time the discovery of a hybrid soil erosion phenomenon as determined by freeze-thaw action, wind, and water alternations in a complex thaw-fluvial-aeolian system. We observed this unique hybrid erosion phenomenon through continuing onsite surveillance during 2005 to 2008 in the Songnen Plains (43° to 50° N, 122° to 128° E), northeastern China, as affected deeply by Siberian climate regime with a long and cold winter (see figure 1). With regard to the analysis of local climatic conditions, spatiotemporal processes of this unique hybrid erosion…

Alternate actions of freeze-thaw, wind and water generate a unique hybrid soil erosion phenomenon

It will be of importance for refining agricultural management and sustainable land use to understand the spatial variability and related fact ors of soil physical properties. The present study addressed the spatial distribution characteristics of bulk densit y (BD) and effects of landscape attributes in agric ultural soils of typical County of Northeast China, using convention al statistics, geostatistics and Geographic Informa tion Systems. Data from 101 locations were collected in a Jiutai County, Northeast China. Results showed th at, BD in croplands of the study area generally follows a nor mal distribution. The experimental variogram of BD has been fitted with linear models. Although not significant at the 0.05 level, soil samples with smaller eleva tion have relatively higher bulk density than those with bigg er elevation. Land use types significantly ( P<0.05) affected BD values. Soil samples from dry farming land and from paddy field have higher BD values than those fr om vegetable land. In explanation, in this area, veget able land is applied more manure to maintain soil f ertility and increase vegetable output.

Soil bulk density in croplands of northeast china under different landscape attributes

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Shrinkage and fragmentation of grasslands in the West Songnen Plain, China

Landscape and Land‐Use Effects on the Spatial Variation of Soil Chemical Properties

Alternate actions of freeze-thaw, wind and water generate a unique hybrid soil erosion phenomenon

Soil bulk density in croplands of northeast china under different landscape attributes