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Species Diversity In Space And Time

https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/ecog.05660

Elevational patterns of bird functional and phylogenetic structure in the central Himalaya

. Iswandaru D, Novriyanti N, Banuwa IS, Harianto SP. 2020. Distribution of bird communities in University of Lampung, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 21: 2629-2637. University of Lampung (UNILA), Indonesia holds a variety of potential biodiversity, especially birds, species that are sensitive to environmental changes. It is necessary to detect early bird communities spread across UNILA before the physical of this higher institution of education (including vegetation distribution that supplies birdlife) begins to change even further. The method used is the Field Method and Concentration Count Method. Research and Experimental Garden (ST1), Integrated Field Laboratory (ST2), Soccer Field (ST3), Deer Breeding (ST4), Arboretum and Green Lane (ST5) were observed for 2 months. The results showed that 37 bird species from 21 families and 8 orders were spread in each study location. The Passeriformes group dominated in all five study sites with the number of species and the number of families reaching 57% of all species found. Most bird communities (individuals, species, and families) can be found in the Integrated Field Laboratory (ST2) compared to the other four locations. Diversity index numbers (H '), Evenness (E), and Dominance (D) types at this location also support it even though the overall results of the analysis show that the distribution of bird species is evenly distributed and that no bird species dominate in community building.

/pdf/distribution-of-bird-communities-in-university-of-lampung-12d3she5fn.pdf

Distribution of bird communities in University of Lampung, Indonesia

Conversion of natural environments to human-modified landscapes is continuing at an unprecedented rate, exerting fundamental influences on global biodiversity. Understanding how wildlife communities respond to landscape modifications is critical to improve biodiversity conservation in human-dominated landscapes. In this study, we surveyed bird communities in three common habitats (i.e., farmland, village, and forest) in the southern Anhui Mountainous Area during summer (August 2019) and winter (December 2020). The diversity metrics and species compositions of the avian communities were compared among the habitats, and the effects of land use composition in these habitats were tested. During the field surveys, we recorded 7599 birds of 120 species along 45 line transects of 1 ​km in length. The land use compositions differed among habitats, and land use diversity was the highest in villages and lowest in forests. The species richness and bird abundance in the two human-dominated habitats (i.e., farmland and village) were higher than those in forest in both seasons. Bird species composition also differed across habitat types in both seasons. Bird species feeding on vertebrates, fish and carrion, and species feeding on plants and seeds were mainly found in habitats with less construction lands and lower land use diversity, while omnivorous species and species feeding on fruits and nectar or on invertebrates were less affected by these two variables. The indicator species analysis showed that most species associated with forest feed on invertebrates, while species feeding on plants and seeds were more correlated with farmland and village. The results indicated that the conversion of natural habitats to human-dominated landscapes has pronounced impacts on bird communities in the study area. Human-dominated habitats harboured more avian species that deserve conservation attention. Meanwhile, bird conservations should not be relaxed in forests because there were more than 20 species that had a high specificity for forests. 

Bird communities’ responses to human-modified landscapes in the southern Anhui Mountainous Area

Macroalgae are of increasing interest for high-value biotechnological applications, but some seaweeds, such as coralline red algae, cannot be grown in cultivation cost-effectively. Wild harvesting of seaweeds, particularly of those that are ecosystem engineers, must be demonstrably sustainable: here we address the topic of resource sustainability in the context of harvesting Corallina officinalis in Ireland for bioceramics. C. officinalis provides habitat for a diverse macrofaunal community and the effects of harvesting C. officinalis on the associated fauna must be included in any assessment of harvesting sustainability. Corallina intertidal turfs subject to experimental harvesting were confirmed, using DNA barcoding with cox1, to comprise only C. officinalis and not the pseudocryptic species C. caespitosa, despite the wide range of morphologies, and they had high genetic diversity. Harvesting of C. officinalis was carried out at experimental sites by two techniques (hand cutting and pulling) to test the recovery of the primary resource and the associated macroinvertebrate assemblage. Harvesting the alga by both methods encouraged regrowth: cut and pulled plots had a much higher growth rate than unharvested turfs, regaining their original length within 4-6 months of harvesting, suggesting that turfs of this species may grow to a predetermined length. The structure, richness and evenness of the invertebrate assemblage were not significantly affected by harvesting C. officinalis by cutting or pulling, though some organisms within the community showed a response to harvesting. The pattern of recovery of the sediment, an important component of the C. officinalis habitat, was consistent with the shorter (harvested) turf trapping more sediment than longer natural turfs. As many of the organisms associated with the habitat use the sediment for food or building materials, this may have ameliorated the effects of harvesting on the community. A period of a year between harvests is recommended to allow the C. officinalis biomass to return to baseline levels and unharvested fallow areas should be included in a harvesting plan to allow macroinvertebrates to re-colonise the harvested turf.

/pdf/sustainable-harvesting-of-the-ecosystem-engineer-corallina-sun9nkwnc0.pdf

Sustainable harvesting of the ecosystem engineer Corallina officinalis for biomaterials

Hybridization between “Haida No. 1” and Orange-shell line of the Pacific oyster reveals high heterosis in survival

Although elevational patterns of species richness have been well documented, how the drivers of richness gradients vary across ecological guilds has rarely been reported. Here, we examined the effects of spatial factors (area and mid-domain effect; MDE) and environmental factors, including metrics of climate, productivity, and plant species richness on the richness of breeding birds across different ecological guilds defined by diet and foraging strategy. We surveyed 12 elevation bands at intervals of 300 m between 1,800 and 5,400 m a.s.l using line-transect methods throughout the wet season in the central Himalaya, China. Multiple regression models and hierarchical partitioning were used to assess the relative importance of spatial and environmental factors on overall bird richness and guild richness (i.e., the richness of species within each guild). Our results showed that richness for all birds and most guilds displayed hump-shaped elevational trends, which peaked at an elevation of 3,300-3,600 m, although richness of ground-feeding birds peaked at a higher elevation band (4,200-4,500 m). The Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI)-an index of primary productivity-and habitat heterogeneity were important factors in explaining overall bird richness as well as that of insectivores and omnivores, with geometric constraints (i.e., the MDE) of secondary importance. Granivore richness was not related to primary production but rather to open habitats (granivores were negatively influenced by habitat heterogeneity), where seeds might be abundant. Our findings provide direct evidence that the richness-environment relationship is often guild-specific. Taken together, our study highlights the importance of considering how the effects of environmental and spatial factors on patterns of species richness may differ across ecological guilds, potentially leading to a deeper understanding of elevational diversity gradients and their implications for biodiversity conservation.

https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/ece3.5040

Different responses of avian feeding guilds to spatial and environmental factors across an elevation gradient in the central Himalaya.

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Hybridization between “Haida No. 1” and Orange-shell line of the Pacific oyster reveals high heterosis in survival

Different responses of avian feeding guilds to spatial and environmental factors across an elevation gradient in the central Himalaya.