N-doped carbon nanomaterials have rapidly grown as the most important metal-free catalysts in a wide range of chemical and electrochemical reactions. This current report summarizes the latest advances in N-doped carbon electrocatalysts prepared by N mono-doping and co-doping with other heteroatoms. The structure-performance relationship of these materials is subsequently rationalized and perspectives on developing more efficient and sustainable electrocatalysts from carbon nanomaterials are also suggested.

Efficient Metal-Free Electrocatalysts from N-Doped Carbon Nanomaterials: Mono-Doping and Co-Doping.

Applications of biochar in redox-mediated reactions.

Precious noble metals (such as Pt, Ir) and nonprecious transition metals (e.g., Fe, Co), including their compounds (e.g., oxides, nitrides), have been widely investigated as efficient catalysts for energy conversion, energy storage, important chemical productions, and many industrial processes. However, they often suffer from high cost, low selectivity, poor durability, and susceptibility to gas poisoning with adverse environmental issues. As a low-cost alternative, the first carbon-based metal-free catalyst (C-MFC based on N-doped carbon nanotubes) was discovered in 2009. Since then, various C-MFCs have been demonstrated to show similar or even better catalytic performance than their metal-based counterparts, attractive energy conversion and storage (e.g., fuel cells, metal-air batteries, water splitting), environmental remediation, and chemical production. Enormous progress has been achieved while the number of publications still rapidly increases every year. Herein, a critical overview of the very recent advances in this rapidly developing field during the last couple of years is presented.

Recent Advances in Carbon-Based Metal-Free Electrocatalysts.

Non-noble metals (Fe, Co or Cu) supported on N-doped carbons were investigated for the first time as electrocatalysts for the reduction of nitrobenzene to aniline in a half-cell setup. The electrocatalysts were prepared by pyrolysis of composites of activated carbon (AC) and polyaniline (PANI) with incorporated metal sites. The electrocatalyst performance was strongly influenced by the nature of the metal and by the synthesis method. For the latter, a different optimum was identified for each metal. The Cu-based electrocatalyst synthesised with a low amount of PANI and Cu relative to AC, was identified as the best electrocatalyst based on its onset potential, kinetic current density and selectivity to aniline. Most importantly, unprecedented selectivity to aniline was obtained (82%, as determined by chronoamperometry) with this electrocatalyst in a half-cell setup. This makes it a promising candidate for the electrochemical cogeneration of the industrially valuable aniline and electricity in a proton-exchange membrane fuel cell.

/pdf/selective-reduction-of-nitrobenzene-to-aniline-over-21abhlxtkn.pdf

Selective reduction of nitrobenzene to aniline over electrocatalysts based on nitrogen-doped carbons containing non-noble metals

Role of the biochar modified with ZnCl2 and FeCl3 on the electrochemical degradation of nitrobenzene.

Metal-free N-doped porous carbon (NC) materials have been demonstrated to be promising catalysts in contaminated environment remediation. Two NC materials (NC-1 and NC-2) were prepared by sol-gel routes. Their catalytic properties were investigated for the reduction of nitrobenzene (NB) in sulfide-containing aqueous solution. Both NC-1 and NC-2 can efficiently catalyze the reduction of NB to aniline (AN) under ambient conditions, but also can be reused for more than 5 times. The reaction fits excellently to the pseudo-first-order kinetic. Compared with NC-1 material, NC-2 shows much higher removal efficiency (rate constant kobs: 0.283 h−1 vs. 2.50 h−1). The important features of NC material, including high specific surface area, suitable surface functional groups (especially nitrogen-containing groups), and enhanced electron transfer ability, should be mainly factors for its excellent catalytic activity. This work demonstrates that N-doped carbon materials have great potential for degradation of NB to AN in the natural aquatic environment.

N-doped nanoporous carbon as efficient catalyst for nitrobenzene reduction in sulfide-containing aqueous solutions

Oxygen exposure effects on the dechlorinating activities of a trichloroethene-dechlorination microbial consortium.

Effective degradation of Direct Red 81 using FeS-activated persulfate process.

https://iwaponline.com/wst/article-pdf/doi/10.2166/wst.2022.068/1011003/wst2022068.pdf

Interspecies transfer of biosynthetic cobalamin for complete dechlorination of trichloroethene by Dehalococcoides mccartyi.

Application of FeS-activated persulfate oxidation system for the degradation of tetracycline in aqueous solution

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