Microalgae are considered as a potential and sustainable feedstock for the production of biofuels, fine chemicals, nutraceuticals, and cosmetics. This is accredited to their high lipid and carbohydrate content, fast growth and rapid CO2 sequestration ability. However, large volumes of feedstock are required to extract and process biochemicals from microalgal biomass due to the small biomass to liquid ratio. This produces substantial challenges in attaining a sustainable energy balance in microalgae-based products process operations. Additionally, the small size of microalgal cells along with their negatively charged cell surface and cell density similar to the growth medium produces challenges in microalgae harvesting. The high cost associated with microalgae harvesting is a major bottleneck for commercialization of algae-based industrial products. Hence, microalgae harvesting is recognized as an area that needs to be explored and developed. This article aims to collate and present an overview of current harvesting strategies such as physical, chemical, biological, electrical and magnetic methods along with their future prospects. This review also highlights the evolution of microalgal harvesting and elucidates the fundamental phenomena of each technology in relation to key physical parameters such as morphology, size, density and surface charge. Besides throwing widespread light on various harvesting methods, this review article has also presented their advantages and disadvantages. Life cycle assessment (LCA) and technoeconomic analysis (TEA) was reviewed to assess the feasibility of various harvesting system for commercial application based on the environmental and technoeconomic impacts. Hence, the vital proposals provided in this review article would undeniably pave the way for choosing the appropriate harvesting strategy.

A comprehensive review on microalgal harvesting strategies: Current status and future prospects

Utilization of a new Gemini surfactant as the collector for the reverse froth flotation of phosphate ore in sustainable production of phosphate fertilizer

Probing the interactions of hydroxamic acid and mineral surfaces: Molecular mechanism underlying the selective separation

Understanding the activation mechanism of Pb2+ ion in benzohydroxamic acid flotation of spodumene: Experimental findings and DFT simulations

Synthesis and performance of a graphene decorated NaTi2(PO4)3/C anode for aqueous lithium-ion batteries

Potassium fertilizer plays a critical role in increasing the food production. Carnallite is concentrated by reverse froth flotation and used as a raw material to produce potassium fertilizer (KCl) in agriculture. However, all the surfactants used in the carnallite reverse flotation process are conventional monomeric surfactants contain a single similar hydrophobic group in the molecule, which results in a low production efficiency. In this work, a new morpholine-based Gemini surfactant, 1,4-bis (morpholinododecylammonio) butane dibromide (BMBD), was prepared and originally recommended as a collector for reverse froth flotation separation of halite (NaCl) from carnallite ore. The flotation results indicated BMBD had higher flotation recovery and stronger affinity of halite against carnallite compared with conventional monomeric surfactant N-(n-Dodecyl) morpholine (DDM). Fourier transform infrared spectra suggested that BMBD molecules were adsorbed on halite surface rather than the carnallite surface. Additionally, BMBD molecules can strongly reduce the surface tension of NaCl saturated solution. Considering the BMBD's unique properties, such as double reactive centers to mineral surfaces, double hydrophobic groups, and stronger surface tension reducing ability, made it be a superior collector for reverse flotation desalination from carnallite ores than DDM.

Morpholine-Based Gemini Surfactant: Synthesis and Its Application for Reverse Froth Flotation of Carnallite Ore in Potassium Fertilizer Production.

Flotation of sylvite from potash ore by using the Gemini surfactant as a novel flotation collector

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Morpholine-Based Gemini Surfactant: Synthesis and Its Application for Reverse Froth Flotation of Carnallite Ore in Potassium Fertilizer Production.

Flotation of sylvite from potash ore by using the Gemini surfactant as a novel flotation collector