A review on laser cladding of high-entropy alloys, their recent trends and potential applications

High entropy alloys (HEAs) are promising multi-component alloys with unique combination of novel microstructures and excellent properties. However, there are still certain limitations in the fabrication of HEAs by conventional methods. Additive manufactured HEAs exhibit optimized microstructures and improved properties, and there is a significantly increasing trend on the application of additive manufacturing (AM) techniques in producing HEAs in recent years. This review summarizes the additive manufactured HEAs in terms of microstructure characteristics, mechanical and some functional properties reported so far, and provides readers with a fundamental understanding of this research field. We first briefly review the application of AM methods and the applied HEAs systems, then the microstructure including the relative density, residual stress, grain structure, texture and dislocation networks, element distribution, precipitations and the influence of post-treatment on the microstructural evolution, next the mechanical properties consisting of hardness, tensile properties, compressive properties, cryogenic and high-temperature properties, fatigue properties, creep behavior, post-treatment effect and the strengthening mechanisms analysis. Thereafter, emerging functional properties of additive manufactured HEAs, namely the corrosion resistance, oxidation behaviors, magnetic properties as well as hydrogen storage properties are discussed, respectively. Finally, the current challenges and future work are proposed based on the current research status of this topic. 

Additive manufactured high entropy alloys: A review on the microstructure and properties

Since the advent in 2004, high-entropy alloys (HEAs) have become an attraction for the world and applied in the extensive engineering fields due to their outstanding properties. These materials are exhibiting their potentiality for challenging conditions where coatings are applied through laser deposition technology. Laser deposition techniques containing laser cladding (LC), laser surface alloying (LSA), and laser surface remelting (LSR) are the modern technologies that can be applied for surface modification through HEAs. Nobler properties of the LC-HEA depositions over the conventional alloys have further explored this field in the last few years. Here, this paper provides a comprehensive state-of-the-art review for LC-HEA-based coatings, focusing on the use of laser deposition technique for HEAs, the effect of laser process parameters on mechanical properties, and microstructural evolution. The mechanical characteristics include but are not limited to hardness, wear, corrosion, and erosion resistance are discussed, with regard to their microstructure and phase composition. Besides, the existing problems, possible future developments regarding the LC-HEA depositions are predicted. Due to excellent mechanical properties and functional potential as well as a variety of element constitutions for HEA designing, laser-assisted depositions containing blended HEAs as feedstock material will have promising applications prospects in the field of material science and engineering. 

Laser deposition of high-entropy alloys: A comprehensive review

Recent progress on the microstructure and properties of high entropy alloy coatings prepared by laser processing technology: A review

Refractory high-entropy alloys (RHEAs) with excellent comprehensive mechanical properties at high temperature are a new research focus in the field of materials. In this paper, the compositional design theory and the simulation research based on first-principles of density functional theory (DFT) for RHEAs were introduced. The research status of compositional optimization, doping non-metallic elements and functional phases, and phase structure regulation for RHEAs were summarized. In addition, the process characteristics of smelting, powder metallurgy, magnetron sputtering and laser cladding were reviewed, and the feasibility and difficulties of preparing RHEAs by extreme high-speed laser cladding (EHLC) were analyzed. Finally, the following suggestions were put forward for the development direction of RHEAs: improving the theory and simulation study of RHEAs composition design, investigating the strengthening effect of doping non-metallic elements and functional phases in RHEAs, paying attention to the synergistic effect between different phase structures, optimizing the process of preparing RHEAs by laser cladding to realize direct forming of parts, and expanding the application of EHLC in preparation of RHEAs coatings. 

Composition design and preparation process of refractory high-entropy alloys: A review

FeCoCrNi-Mo high entropy alloy/diamond composite coatings were successfully prepared by high speed laser cladding. A high scanning speed was adopted (>30 mm/s), and the effects of laser power, scanning speed, and diamond content on the microstructure and wear resistance of the composite coating were studied. The processing parameters of laser cladding had significant influence on the dilution ratio, graphitization of diamond, and wear resistance of the composite coatings. When the laser cladding parameters were 3000 W of laser power and the high scanning speed of 50 mm/s, the composite coating exhibited a uniform microstructure, the lowest dilution ratio, and the best wear resistance. The wear resistance of the composite coating was enhanced with the addition of diamond, but microcracks also increased. When the amount of diamond was 15 wt.%, the best combination of microstructures and wear resistance was obtained.

Microstructures and Wear Resistance of FeCoCrNi-Mo High Entropy Alloy/Diamond Composite Coatings by High Speed Laser Cladding

Effect of diffusion barrier and interfacial strengthening on the interface behavior between high entropy alloy and diamond

Microstructure evolution and mechanical properties of in-situ multi-component carbides reinforced FeCoNi alloy

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Microstructures and Wear Resistance of FeCoCrNi-Mo High Entropy Alloy/Diamond Composite Coatings by High Speed Laser Cladding

Effect of diffusion barrier and interfacial strengthening on the interface behavior between high entropy alloy and diamond

Microstructure evolution and mechanical properties of in-situ multi-component carbides reinforced FeCoNi alloy