Linker engineering to regulate fluorescence of 1,3,5-tris(phenylacetylene)benzene-based covalent organic frameworks for white light-emitting diodes and information encryption and decryption

The combination of carbon dots (CDs) with covalent organic frameworks (COFs) was used to design an innovative sensor based on fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) for the detection of Escherichia coli O157:H7 (E. coli O157:H7) in food samples. Carbon dots were used as fluorescence donors, covalent organic frameworks as fluorescence acceptors. The antibody (Ab) specific to E. coli O157:H7 was used to form a CD-Ab-COF immunosensor by linking CDs and COFs. The antibody was specifically bound with E. coli O157:H7, which caused the connection between CDs and COFs to be interrupted, and the carbon dots exhibited fluorescence restoration. The sensor exhibited a linear detection range spanning from 0 to 106 CFU/mL, with the limit of detection (LOD) of 7 CFU/mL. The analytical performance of the developed immunosensor was evaluated using spiked food samples with different concentrations of E. coli O157:H7, validating the capability of assessing risks in food testing. 

Carbon dots and covalent organic frameworks based FRET immunosensor for sensitive detection of Escherichia coli O157:H7.

The global prevalence of cancer presents a formidable challenge to medical systems, compelling the pursuit of novel and effective therapeutic modalities to improve patient survival rates. In this context, cancer phototherapy, encompassing both photodynamic (PDT) and photothermal (PTT) therapies, stands out as a targeted, minimally invasive modality to trigger the selective ablation of cancer cells. Covalent organic frameworks (COFs), with their distinct crystalline and porous nature, excellent biocompatibility, and chemical robustness, are increasingly recognized as outstanding materials to propel cancer phototherapy forward. In this review, we focus on examining the application of COF nanoparticles in the domain of PDT and PTT, demonstrating their potent anti-cancer capabilities. We pay special attention to combination therapies that exploit COFs, particularly those that elicit immunogenic cell death. These synergistic approaches offer considerable promise for the enhancement of cancer therapy efficiency. Additionally, we address the prevalent hurdles associated with COF-based cancer phototherapy, such as toxicity concerns, in vivo stability issues, and the complexities of photo agent delivery. We also discuss potential methods to overcome these barriers, especially through surface modifications of COFs. The review concludes by charting prospective research paths and the urgent need for the establishment of standardized procedures to fast-track the clinical adoption of COF-based phototherapy. By offering a detailed yet succinct outline of the capabilities of COFs in advancing cancer phototherapy, this article provides valuable insights for investigators in this vibrant field. 

Advances in covalent organic frameworks for cancer phototherapy

In this work, a novel and light-responsive nanozyme, with enzyme-like characteristics, was synthesized based on core–shell MOF@COF hybrid materials. The donor–acceptor type COF (as shell) synthesized by 1,3,6,8-tetrakis(4-aminophenyl)pyrene (Py, donor) and thieno[3,2-b]thiophene-2,5-dicarbaldehyde (Tt, acceptor) was wrapped on the NH2-Cu-MOF (robust catalyst, as core) through a sequential growth strategy. Surprisingly, with visible-light irradiation, the core–shell Cu-MOF@Py-Tt hybrid materials exhibited extremely high oxidase-like enzymatic catalytic activity attributing to the high separation efficiency of photogenerated carriers in core–shell hybrid materials and the shell with the characteristics of large π-conjugated and D-A electronic structure. With the light-control catalytic activity, Cu-MOF@Py-Tt can form the O2•- that can catalyze the TMB to blue color. Consequently, a light-control, sensitive and rapid colorimetric method for determination of glutathione (GSH) was designed based on light-responsive oxidase mimic of core–shell Cu-MOF@Py-Tt with the linear range of 0.2–70 μM and limit of detection of 0.17 μM. The proposed method demonstrated the future potential of core–shell MOF@COF hybrid materials to obtain excellent nanozyme activity. 

Construction of core–shell MOF@COF hybrid materials as highly efficient light-responsive oxidase-like nanozymes for colorimetric detection of glutathione

The misuse and improper handling of norfloxacin (NOR) can cause serious harm; therefore, the sensitive and visual detection of NOR is of great significance. 

Linker engineering to regulate fluorescence of hydrazone-linked covalent organic frameworks for real-time visual detection of norfloxacin and multiple information encryption

A new imine‐linked covalent organic framework (COFDHA‐TAPB) with strong fluorescence is designed by using 2,5‐dihydroxybenzaldehyde (DHA) and 1,3,5‐tri(4‐aminophenyl)benzene (TAPB) as monomers. The TAPB has a suitable aromatic skeleton in which slight distortion between phenyl groups reduces aggregation‐caused quenching (ACQ). The hydroxyl group side chains of DHA form hydrogen bond with the imine bonds of COFDHA‐TAPB to restrict intramolecular rotations. Hydrogen bonds are also formed between different layers of COFDHA‐TAPB, which further restricts supramolecular rotation by narrowing the layer spacing. Moreover, the COFDHA‐TAPB exhibits a hollow sphere structure, which also reduces ACQ and intramolecular rotation. Therefore, COFDHA‐TAPB has a strong emission peak at 408 nm, which is used for nitrofurazone detection. The detection linear range is 0.33 µm–0.197 mm (0.066–39 µg mL−1), and the detection limit is 0.11 µm (0.022 µg mL−1). This work also provides an important guideline to design strongly fluorescent covalent organic framework by controlling layer spacing, aromatic linkers sizes and side chains of monomers for sensors.

Designing Fluorescent Covalent Organic Frameworks by Controlling Layer Spacing, Size of Aromatic Linker and Side Chains for Detection of Nitrofurazone

An ultra-sensitive electrochemical dopamine sensor based on Ni@N-doped carbon derived from COF LZU-1 microspheres

Modulation of Aggregation of Covalent Organic Framework Nanosheets with Aggregation-Induced Emission Activity for Ultrasensitive No-Wash Fluorescent Immunosensor.

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