In recent years, Chinese herbal medicine has gained more and more recognition in disease prevention and control due to its low toxicity and comprehensive treatment. C. morifolium (Chrysanthemum morifolium Ramat.), as the medicine food homology plant with the bioactivity of anti-oxidation, anti-inflammatory, neuroprotection and cardiovascular protection, has important therapeutic effects and health benefits for colds, inflammation, cardiovascular diseases and various chronic diseases. By reviewing the historical development, classification and distribution of germplasm resources, phytochemistry, pharmacology, and modern application of C. morifolium, the paper provides a reliable basis for the further research and application of chrysanthemum as therapeutic agents and functional additives. The literature and information about C. morifolium published in the last ten years were collected from various platforms, including Google Scholar, PubMed, ScienceDirect, Web of Science and China Knowledge Network. A comprehensive analysis confirmed that C. morifolium originated in China, and it went through the development process from food and tea to medicine for more than 3,000 years. During this period, different cultivars emerged through several breeding techniques and were distributed throughout the world. Moreover, A variety of chemical components such as flavonoids, phenolic acids, volatile oils, and terpenes in chrysanthemum have been proven they possess various pharmacology of anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant, and prevention of chronic diseases by regulating inflammatory cytokines, oxidative stress responses and signaling pathways, which are the essential conditions to play a role in TCM, nutraceuticals and diet. This paper provides a comprehensive review of historical development, classification, phytochemistry, pharmacology, and modern application of C. morifolium. However, future studies should continue to focus on the bioactive compounds and the synergistic mechanism of the "multi-component, multi-target, and multi-pathway" of chrysanthemum, and it is necessary to develop more innovative products with therapeutic effects. 

Chrysanthemum morifolium as a traditional herb: A review of historical development, classification, phytochemistry, pharmacology and application.

Abstract Increasing agricultural losses caused by insect infestations are a significant problem, so it is important to generate pest-resistant crop varieties to address this issue. Several reviews have examined aphid–plant interactions from an entomological perspective. However, few have specifically focused on plant resistance mechanisms to aphids and their applications in breeding for aphid resistance. In this review, we first outline the types of resistance to aphids in plants, namely antixenosis, tolerance (cell wall lignification, resistance proteins), and antibiosis, and we discuss strategies based on each of these resistance mechanisms to generate plant varieties with improved resistance. We then outline research on the complex interactions among plants, viruses, and aphids, and discuss how aspects of these interactions can be exploited to improve aphid resistance. A deeper understanding of the epigenetic mechanisms related to induced resistance, i.e., the phenomenon where plants become more resistant to a stress they have encountered previously, may allow for its exploitation in breeding for aphid resistance. Wild relatives of crop plants serve as important sources of resistance traits. Genes related to these traits can be introduced into cultivated crop varieties by breeding or genetic modification, and de novo domestication of wild varieties can be used to exploit multiple excellent characteristics, including aphid resistance. Finally, we discuss the use of molecular design breeding, genomic data, and gene editing to generate new aphid-resistant, high-quality crop varieties. 

Enhancing Aphid Resistance in Horticultural Crops: A Breeding Prospective

Natural products are increasingly becoming part of our daily lives through their use in industry, food, as therapeutic agents, etc. To evaluate their possible applications, it is essential to characterize them chemically to explore their potential. Different techniques may be used to characterize natural products, including microextraction techniques. These techniques have been gaining popularity due to the advantages associated with their low use of organic solvents and the small amount of sample used relative to more classical sample preparation techniques. Their application in the extraction of compounds from natural products is still scarce. This manuscript intends to review the most used solid-based miniaturized sample preparation techniques applied to determining compounds in natural products. The main applications of these methodologies will be discussed, with a particular focus on natural product analysis, as well as their advantages and disadvantages over traditionally used sample preparation techniques.

/pdf/miniaturized-solid-phase-extraction-techniques-applied-to-35rca12q.pdf

Miniaturized Solid Phase Extraction Techniques Applied to Natural Products

Chrysanthemum is one of the four major cut flowers in the world, with high ornamental and economic value. Fragrance is an important ornamental character of chrysanthemum flowers, especially those consumed as tea and other foods, and the flower fragrance is the major determinant of the commercial value of chrysanthemum cultivars. Currently, however, the research on chrysanthemum flower fragrance is mainly focused on the composition and content of fragrant compounds, and a clear classification of fragrance types is lacking. Here, we divided chrysanthemum fragrance into six categories based on sensory evaluation and determined the identity and content of fragrant compounds of chrysanthemum accessions representative of each fragrance type by GC-MS. In addition, we analyzed the conserved aromatic substances responsible for the fruity fragrance type chrysanthemum with multi-functional development potential, providing a theoretical basis for creating new chrysanthemum germplasm with specific fragrance types. The results of this study can accelerate the breeding process of chrysanthemum accessions with new fragrance types.

Analysis of fragrance compounds in flowers of Chrysanthemum genus

Opisthopappus longilobus, which is a unique wild plant resource in China, produces leaves and flowers with distinct aromas. However, there have been relatively few molecular studies on its floral aroma, which has hindered the research on this plant species at the molecular level and the breeding of novel varieties. In this study, transcriptome and metabolome analyses were performed using O. longilobus leaves, buds, and inflorescences at the exposure, initial opening, and blooming stages. Using high-quality reads and assembly software, a total of 45,674 unigenes were annotated according to the Nr, Swiss-Prot, KOG, and KEGG databases. Additionally, a GC-MS system and a self-built database were used to detect 1,371 metabolites in the leaves, buds, and inflorescences. Terpene metabolites were the most common compounds (308 in total). We analyzed the gene network regulating terpenoid accumulation in O. longilobus and identified 56 candidate genes related to terpenoid synthesis. The expression of OlPMK2, OlMVK1, OlTPS1, and OlTPS3 may lead to the accumulation of 11 different terpenoids specifically in the inflorescences at the exposure, initial opening, and blooming stages. The generated data may be useful for future research on O. longilobus genetic resources and the molecular mechanism regulating aroma formation in this plant species. The findings of this study may be used to accelerate the breeding of new O. longilobus varieties with enhanced aromatic traits.

/pdf/analysis-of-terpenoids-and-their-gene-regulatory-networks-on-26uoc4ok.pdf

Analysis of terpenoids and their gene regulatory networks on the basis of the transcriptome and metabolome of Opisthopappus longilobus

Major Gene with Polygene Inheritance Analysis of Prostrate Growth Habit in Hybrids of Chrysanthemum yantaiense × C. indicum

QTL detection and candidate gene identification for prostrate growth habit in interspecific crosses of wild chrysanthemum (Chrysanthemum yantaiense × C. indicum)

Genotype-Specific responses to salinity in chrysanthemum: Evaluation and mechanistic insights from salt-tolerant germplasm Chrysanthemum yantaiense

Volatiles mediated an eco‑friendly aphid control strategy of Chrysanthemum genus

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Major Gene with Polygene Inheritance Analysis of Prostrate Growth Habit in Hybrids of Chrysanthemum yantaiense × C. indicum

QTL detection and candidate gene identification for prostrate growth habit in interspecific crosses of wild chrysanthemum (Chrysanthemum yantaiense × C. indicum)

Genotype-Specific responses to salinity in chrysanthemum: Evaluation and mechanistic insights from salt-tolerant germplasm Chrysanthemum yantaiense

Volatiles mediated an eco‑friendly aphid control strategy of Chrysanthemum genus