Although soil compaction in the field may benefit or inhibit the growth of plants, the harmful effects are much more common. This paper emphasizes the deleterious effects of predominantly high levels of soil compaction on plant growth and yield. High levels of soil compaction are common in heavily used recreation areas, construction sites, urban areas, timber harvesting sites, fruit orchards, agroforestry systems and tree nurseries. Compaction can occur naturally by settling or slumping of soil or may be induced by tillage tools, heavy machinery, pedestrian traffic, trampling by animals and fire. Compaction typically alters soil structure and hydrology by increasing soil bulk density; breaking down soil aggregates; decreasing soil porosity, aeration and infiltration capacity; and by increasing soil strength, water runoff and soil erosion. Appreciable compaction of soil leads to physiological dysfunctions in plants. Often, but not always, reduced water absorption and leaf water deficits develop. S...

Soil Compaction and Growth of Woody Plants

There is both circumstantial and direct evidence which demonstrates the significant productivity and sustainability benefits associated with adoption of controlled traffic farming (CTF). These benefits may be fully realised when CTF is jointly practiced with no-tillage and assisted by the range of precision agriculture (PA) technologies available. Important contributing factors are those associated with improved trafficability and timeliness of field operations. Adoption of CTF is therefore encouraged as a technically and economically viable option to improve productivity and resource-use efficiency in arable and grass cropping systems. Studies on the economics of CTF consistently show that it is a profitable technological innovation for both grassland and arable land-use. Despite these benefits, global adoption of CTF is still relatively low, with the exception of Australia where approximately 30% of the grain production systems are managed under CTF. The main barriers for adoption of CTF have been equipment incompatibilities and the need to modify machinery to suit a specific system design, often at the own farmers’ risk of loss of product warranty. Other barriers include reliance on contracting operations, land tenure systems, and road transport regulations. However, some of the barriers to adoption can be overcome with forward planning when conversion to CTF is built into the machinery replacement programme, and organisations such as ACTFA in Australia and CTF Europe Ltd. in Central and Northern Europe have developed suitable schemes to assist farmers in such a process.

/pdf/review-soil-compaction-and-controlled-traffic-farming-in-55tqu7acqa.pdf

Review: Soil compaction and controlled traffic farming in arable and grass cropping systems

Soil tilth is a term used to describe a given soil structural state and its direct and indirect effects on the physical, chemical and biological processes occurring in the soil. Although the concept dates back to the initiation of agricultural activity, neither a clear definition nor a useful, quantitative index has been developed for it. Therefore, the term expresses a range of meanings from a simple, descriptive reference of a given soil structural state, to very complex, qualitative indices, which are sometimes, correlated to crop yields. The treatise presented here attempts to: (a) evaluate the interactions between changing soil structural states and the affected soil physical and mechanical properties; and (b) assess the possibilities of matching crop requirements and expected yields with the potential for controlling soil environment by tillage-induced soil structure modification. It is shown that an attempt to satisfy seasonal variations of phenological and climatic affected crop needs by tillage is very difficult. Tillage-induced soil structure instability, seasonal variability of weather condition and mechanized field activity may cause soil structure deterioration and impairment of soil physical conditions. As a result, the ability to control soil structure diminishes as the crop grows. Thus, the ‘desired’ soil structural state attained is a practical compromise solution, which matches expected future crop needs, weather conditions and soil structure changes with soil-tilling capabilities. Several ‘desired’ soil structural states may be considered for a given set of future crop needs, expected variations in climate and soil conditions. The objective is to evaluate and improve our current understanding of the interactions mentioned above, and to enable a knowledgeable, quantitative selection of a ‘desired soil structure’ management. Several potential research directions are indicated, which may lead to the improved understanding of the processes controlling: (a) the soil structure states and soil fragmentation; (b) the interdependencies between the natural soil structure state prior to tillage and the stability of the various soil structural states produced; and (c) the crop's root system response to the initial state and seasonal changes in soil structural states. It is shown that the current specifications of ‘desired soil structural states’ and means to attain them are empirically based rather then being based on estimated probable future climatic variations, seasonally changing crop needs and deterioration rates of soil structure.

Soil tilth—the desired soil structural state obtained through proper soil fragmentation and reorientation processes

Current concepts, theoretical analysis and experimental data on soil compaction under high axle loads are critically reviewed and analyzed. Based on theoretical considerations and experimental data it is suggested that subsoil compaction is expected to occur under specific conditions (wet, homogeneous, and deep soil under high contact pressures). Measured changes in soil bulk density, physical properties, and crop yields (published in the literature), attributed to high axle load induced soil compaction, are not uniquely proven and can be attributed to other processes as well. Further research directed towards understanding and forecasting changes of soil properties under traffic loads is recommended.

Soil compaction caused by high axle loads. review of concepts and experimental data.

To address the progressive increase in farmed land and the decline in labor, cotton production in more developed agricultural systems has seen a movement towards larger,
heavier machinery with increased capacity. Recent innovation of on-board module building technology for cotton harvesters follows this trend, which has caused concern for the potential impact of the machine on the farming system. This review acknowledges past and present developments within the cotton harvesting system from both the machine- and soil-management perspectives to inform land
managers, machinery manufacturers, technical advisors, and the scientific community of the incidence of soil compaction associated with technology uptake in cotton-based systems. Emphasis is made on the need to ensure that
the effects of traffic-induced soil compaction are minimized. For this, the feasibility of confining compaction to the least possible area of permanent traffic lanes is examined along with engineering design constraints of commercially available cotton pickers. Fundamental information is elicited, which provided insights as to why this movement has occurred and how associated problems might be addressed. Within the Australia context, these cotton harvesters have undergone rapid adoption. This review
uses this case-study to elucidate direct and latent impacts of the machine to help identify risks and develop management strategies as further technology is developed and adopted. Knowledge gaps that merit a research priority
within soil compaction work for cotton-based systems are presented and a synthesis of how to proceed conceptualized.

Advances in cotton harvesting technology: a review and implications for the John Deere round baler cotton picker

SOIL compaction is known to affect crop yields. In the work reported here the residual effects of soil compaction on cotton yield reduction through diminished plant stand and increased stand variability have been established. A simple variational model is used to predict average yield from the mean values land the standard deviations of the crop stand and water use in the field. Good agreement was attained between predicted and measured average yields of seed cotton for trickle and sprinkler irrigated fields. Seed cotton yields were found to be more sensitive to stand variations than to variations in water distributions under the described experimental conditions.

Residual Compaction Effects on Cotton Stand and Yields

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Residual Compaction Effects on Cotton Stand and Yields