Digital rock physics, chemistry, and biology: challenges and prospects of pore-scale modelling approach

Hypothesis A cross-linked amphiphilic nanogel containing a high mole% of hydrophilic pH-responsive moiety can provide enhanced functionality regarding stimuli-responsiveness, water-dispersibility, hydrophobic substance loading, and structural stability under harsh environmental conditions. These nanogels could be synthesized using a one-pot procedure for large-scale applications. Moreover, the interplay of various interaction forces in these colloidal systems is being investigated. Experiments Model nanogels consisting of acrylic acid-butyl acrylate-ethylene glycol dimethacrylate were synthesized using an emulsion copolymerization via a seeded semi-batch process under an acidic condition. The structures were assessed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and potentiometric-conductometric titrations. Zeta potential, field-emission scanning electron microscopy, and transmission electron microscopy were used to evaluate the dispersion stability, size distribution, and structural distribution, respectively. Their stimuli-responsive behavior was studied by combining static and dynamic light scattering and titration analyses. Findings Monodisperse nanospheres of approximately 150 nm were successfully prepared by implementing a one-pot practical pathway. These nanogels displayed a dual thermo- and pH-responsive behavior, reflecting the high efficiency of physical cross-linking make it ideal for drug delivery and oil industry applications. Moreover, a novel symmetric pH-activated morphology transformation behavior was revealed. Accordingly, a compositional distribution was proposed and assessed by exploring the polymerization process.

Synthesis and physicochemical properties of dual-responsive acrylic acid/butyl acrylate cross-linked nanogel systems

\n Preformed-particle-gel (PPG) treatments have been successfully used in injection wells to reduce excessive water production from high-temperature, high-salinity fractured reservoirs. However, PPG itself cannot be used in fractured producers because it tends to wash out after the wells resume production. Therefore, we proposed to combine curable resin-coated particles (CRPs) with PPG to control water production from fractured producers. In this paper, millimeter-sized tubes and fractured carbonate cores were designed to comprehensively investigate water-plugging behaviors of the combined system under the conditions of various fracture parameters and PPG/CRP sizes. Particular attention was given to control the PPG washout after production was resumed. The results showed the cured CRPs could generate immobile packs in fractures and dramatically mitigate the PPG washout. The small size of the CRPs and the small ratio of CRP size to tube diameter contributed low permeability and homogeneity to CRP packs. Meanwhile, the less-permeable and more-homogeneous CRP pack, as well as the larger-sized PPGs, contributed to a higher PPG breakthrough pressure gradient. Moreover, some of the PPG particles blocked in the CRP packs could be released through high-speed brine injection from producers, which indicated the recoverability of the water plugging. This study provides a promising approach to reduce the high-water-cut problem in fractured producers.

Combining Preformed Particle Gel and Curable Resin-Coated Particles To Control Water Production from High-Temperature and High-Salinity Fractured Producers


 Vugular carbonate rocks have a complicated flow behavior because of their multimodal porosity system, with different interconnectivity at the pore scale. In this study, a new hybrid algorithm to reconstruct a bimodal vugular porous medium is introduced by coupling the pore-network modeling approach (i.e., stochastic) with the image-based network technique (i.e., process-based). This work implements image-processing techniques to generate a lattice-based network of secondary porosity (i.e., vugs) on top of an initial pore-network model at the pore scale. The resulting multiscale model is designed to preserve vug-to-vug and vug-to-pore connectivity of overlapping vugs. Modifying the effective conductance of the overlapped vugs enables the calculation of permeability of the dual-porosity network by applying mass conservation and the Poiseuille law. The method is validated on samples from an Iranian carbonate formation. The matrix micropores obtained from the mercury-intrusion laboratory measurements are statistically reconstructed by a Nelder-Mead optimization algorithm. Our results show that during the addition of vugs into a network, the absolute permeability of the network increases monotonically with rising porosity before vug percolation. However, once vuggy pores percolate, the absolute permeability of the network increases tremendously. Moreover, the availability of vugs makes the network structure more complex as determined by the off-diagonal complexity measure. The results of this study help in understanding the behavior of vuggy formations observed in carbonate reservoirs.

Multiscale Reconstruction of Vuggy Carbonates by Pore-Network Modeling and Image-Based Technique

Review on using pH-sensitive microgels as enhanced oil recovery and water shutoff agents: Concepts, recent developments, and future challenges

Geochemical performance evaluation of pre-flushing of weak and strong acids during pH-triggered polymer flooding

Acid pre-flushing evaluation before pH-sensitive microgel treatment in carbonate reservoirs: Experimental and numerical approach

Modeling geochemical reactions of citric acid with ankerite cement during sandstone matrix acidizing

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Geochemical performance evaluation of pre-flushing of weak and strong acids during pH-triggered polymer flooding

Acid pre-flushing evaluation before pH-sensitive microgel treatment in carbonate reservoirs: Experimental and numerical approach

Modeling geochemical reactions of citric acid with ankerite cement during sandstone matrix acidizing