Magnetite (Fe3O4) nanoparticles and thiourea were employed to modify sodium alginate microbeads for adsorption of Hg ions from aqueous solution. The Fe3O4 nanoparticles were initially synthesized by co-precipitation method. Fourier infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) determined the presence of hydroxyl, carboxyl, thiol and amine functional groups in the microbead molecular structure. According to BET and BJH methods, the MAT microbeads had surface area, pore diameter and volume of 7.3472 m2/g, 12.9058 nm and 0.0255 cm3/g, respectively. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) equipped with an EDX system allowed to obtain morphological information of the MAT microbeads, in which was observed the main elements introduced by the presence of thiol groups and iron ions. The result of saturation magnetization (Ms) performed by a vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM), is common for superparamagnetic materials, which slightly decreased due to the low amount of magnetic nanoparticles in the microbead structure. Adsorption kinetics showed that highest rate was about 98% in the first 20 min, and then decreased to zero. Pseudo-first order was the model that better fitted to experimental data with a value about 2.6 mg/g. Meanwhile, adsorption isotherm was better described using Langmuir model, suggesting that the Hg ions adsorption was mainly given by electrostatic interaction and chemical bonding among the functional groups, as well as the formation of a saturated layer onto the microbead surface occupying all the available sites.

Adsorption kinetics, isotherms and desorption studies of mercury from aqueous solution at different temperatures on magnetic sodium alginate-thiourea microbeads

Water pollution is a challenging problem facing the human beings. In order to get treated water and wastewater, many techniques were proposed such as floatation, coagulation, ion exchange, biological treatment, adsorption, membrane etc. Among these methods, adsorption technique has proved to be an effective and low cost manner for the removal of inorganic pollutants (i.e heavy metals), synthetic dyes and organic pollutants (i.e phenols, methylene blue, methyl orange, benzene …) from polluted water. This review summarizes the most used adsorbents such as Activated Carbon (AC), nanomaterials, natural adsorbents, industrial by-products, agricultural wastes and bio-sorbents and their performance, cost and regeneration studies. This review also discusses the mechanism of adsorption, kinetics and isotherms used in adsorption process. The effect of binary and ternary systems of ions was also discussed. The difference between batch mood and continuous flow mood (packed bed column studies) and the parameters considered in each type were also investigated. Future recommendations and trends were finally proposed to enhance the adsorption process from all aspects.

https://eijest.journals.ekb.eg/article_144052_691e2a994301072a8d92e43144eef9d7.pdf

Adsorption technique for pollutants removal; current new trends and future challenges – A Review

Recovery of saccharides from lignocellulosic hydrolysates using nanofiltration membranes: A review

This study aims to determine the ability of battom ash and fly ash in adsorbing artificial wastewater dye (PtCo) and chemical oxygen demand (COD) with three variations of adsorbent used in adsorption column. This research begins with the process of washing, drying and sieving adsorbent. Then proceed with the activation process of adsorbent using HCl 1 M which is heated at 90 0C for 1 hour accompanied by stirring. The adsorption system used is continuous (column) with up-flow flow pattern and using the pump to provide pressure so that the influent can pass through the adsorbent contained in the column. The characteristic analysis of adsorbent was done on moisture content, ash content, and iodine absorption. The highest moisture content and ash content obtained were 0.6% with fly ash adsorbent before activation and 0.285% with fly ash adsorbent after activation. Compared with SNI 06-3730-95 has been appropriate, while the iodine drainage from bottom ash was 35.38 mg/g and fly ash of 50.76 mg/g and none meet SNI 06-3730- 95 of 750 mg/g. The highest efficiency results in dye and COD were found in adsorption column with fly ash adsorbent with color value of 96.96% and COD concentration of 83.26%, followed by stratified columns with combined adsorbent between battom ash and fly ash with color values of 53 , 93% and COD of 62.82%, and adsorbent by using battom ash efficiency of highest color value of 53.03% and COD of 71.08%. The highest adsorption capacity was obtained by using adsorption column with battom ash and fly ash (BF) adsorbent of 8.42 mg/g, followed by fly ash (FA) of 7.53 mg/g and battom ash (BA) of 7, 37 mg/g.

Using Fly Ash And Bottom Ash Boiler Of Palm Oil Factories As Adsorbents For Adsorption Of Color In Artificial Liquid Waste

Fly ash is one of the residues generated in combustion, and comprises the fine particles that rise with the flue gases. Ash which does not rise is termed bottom ash [1]. In our country, it is expected that will be occurred 50 million tons of waste ash per year until 2020. Released waste from the thermal power plants is caused very significant problems as known. The fly ashes can be evaluated by using as adsorbent material. The purpose of this study is to investigate the possibility of use of Tuncbilek fly ash like low-cost adsorbents for heavy metal adsorption. First of all, Tuncbilek fly ash was characterized. For this purpose; analysis such as sieve analysis, XRD, XRF, SEM and FT-IR were performed. Keywords—Fly ash, heavy metal, sieve, adsorbent

Study on Characterization of Tuncbilek Fly Ash

Mercury is an extremely toxic pollutant that currently being emitted and distributed globally. The exposure of 
the mercury will mainly cause health effect and the expo
sure can be in term of dose, age of person exposed 
and duration of exposed. One of the adsorbent can remove
 mercury is an activated carbon from palm oil fuel 
ash (POFA). POFA was used as a low cost adsorbent. 
An adsorbent prepared from POFA) was successfully 
synthesised and used to remove mercury (Hg2+) from mercury model solution in a batch process. The effects of pH [A], contact time [B], initial concentration of the Hg
2+ solution [C], adsorbent doses [D] and agitation
speed [E] were screened by using response surface me
thodology (RSM). A half fraction two-level factorial 
analysis with five factors was selected for the experimental design to determine the best adsorption conditions 
for mercury removal. From this study, it was found the highest mercury removal was 98.03 % at adsorbent 
capacity 0.10 mg of Hg 2+/g of the adsorbent with conditions of pH 2, contact time 4 h, initial Hg 2+ concentration
of 5 mg/L, adsorbent doses 0.25 g and agitation speed 200 rpm. The most important factor which gives the highest percentage contribution for mercury removal efficiency is contact time [B] with 22.76 % followed by initial mercury ion concentration [C] of 5.50 %. The model obtained in this present study is significant and had 
a maximum point which is likely to be the optimum poin
t and possible for the optimisation process later. These 
results suggest that POFA has a potential used as an effective, low cost, and eco-friendly green adsorbent for 
the removal of mercury from waste water.

A Factorial Analysis Study on Removal of Mercury by Palm Oil Fuel Ash Adsorbent

Malaysia palm oil based industries generate a huge amount of lignocellulose biomass wastes These wastes can be utilized to produce chemicals and fuel Lignocellulose biomass consists of hemicelluloses, cellulose and lignin Cellulose and hemicelluloses portion need to be hydrolysed to release fermentable glucose and xylose for further processing Biomass hydrolysis using acid is a simple method, but it also produces acetic acid inhibitor that can inhibit the microorganism during fermentation In order to increase the yield of product as well as to elevate the rate of product, there is a need to remove this acetic acid inhibitor from the biomass hydrolysate In the current study, asymmetric nanofiltration (NF) flat sheet membrane was fabricated for acetic acid removal Five types of asymmetric NF membranes were produced with different formulation in term of polymeric material (polysulfone (PSf) and polyethersulfone (PES)), types of solvent (N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP), tetrahydrofuran (THF), ethanol, dimethylacetamide (DMAc)), and types of additive (polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP), polyethylene glycol (PEG)] The best separation factor of acetic acid over glucose (11607) and acetic acid over xylose (12985) were showed by the asymmetric membrane produced from 196 wt% PSf/ 748 % DMAc/ 56 % ethanol and 21% PSf/ 553 % NMP/ 237 % THF

Fabrication of Asymmetric Nanofiltration Flatsheet Membrane for the Separation of Acetic Acid from Xylose and Glucose

One of the newest applications of the membrane technology is for the separation of sugar component and inhibitor removal during biomass processing in biorefinery. Most of the membranes used in biorefinery were commercially purchased and not specifically customise for the biomass hydrolysate processing. In the current study, a series of thin film composite (TFC) hollow fiber membranes were fabricated to tailor the performance toward xylose/glucose refinement and acetic acid removal in biomass processing. Polysulfone (PSf) hollow fiber membrane support was prepared using 20 wt% PSf, 2 wt% polyvinylpyrrolidone K30 (PVP K30) and 78 wt% dimethylformamide (DMF) through dry/wet spinning process. Three types of aqueous monomers were studied in interfacial polymerisation process, which are piperazine (PIP), triethanolamine (TEOA) and polyethyleneimine (PEI). TFC hollow fiber membrane prepared using TEOA monomer showed the best performance for separation of biomass hydrolysate component. It exhibited rejection value 50.98 ± 4.11 % of xylose, 71.72 ± 3.92 % of glucose and 5.45 ± 1.93 % of acetic acid. This is corresponding to the ideal separation factor of 1.75 ± 0.10 for xylose/glucose, 3.42 ± 0.54 for acetic acid/glucose and 1.95 ± 0.20 for acetic acid/xylose.

Thin film composite hollow fiber membrane for separation in biorefinery

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A Factorial Analysis Study on Removal of Mercury by Palm Oil Fuel Ash Adsorbent

Fabrication of Asymmetric Nanofiltration Flatsheet Membrane for the Separation of Acetic Acid from Xylose and Glucose

Thin film composite hollow fiber membrane for separation in biorefinery