Modern techniques of laser spectroscopy enable measurements of optical isotope shifts and hyperfine structures to be extended across long chains of isotopes reaching far from the region of stability. While the hyperfine structure yields precise information on the spin and electromagnetic moments of the nucleus, the isotope shifts are sensitive to small differential changes in size and shape of the nuclear charge distribution. The experimental situation is reviewed, with an emphasis on the techniques used for rare and radioactive species. The status of the experimental data is summarized. Modified King plots are used to make a detailed inspection of the apparent similarities seen between neighbouring chains in different regions of the nuclear chart.

https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/0954-3899/21/6/003/pdf

High-resolution laser spectroscopy for the study of nuclear sizes and shapes

On-line resonance-ionization mass spectrometry has been applied to determine the isotope shift and hyperfine structure of $^{185\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}189}\mathrm{Au}$ and $^{189\mathrm{m}}\mathrm{Au}$ in the 6s ${}^{2}$${S}_{1/2}$\ensuremath{\rightarrow}6p ${}^{2p}$${}_{1/2}$ (\ensuremath{\lambda}=268 nm) transition. The Au atoms were obtained as daughters of mass-separated Hg isotopes produced at the ISOLDE facility at CERN ionized by a three-color, two-step resonant photoionization process, detected and mass-selected by time of flight. A drastic change of the nuclear charge radius was observed between $^{187}\mathrm{Au}$ and $^{186}\mathrm{Au}$, which is interpreted as an onset of strong deformation of \ensuremath{\beta}\ensuremath{\approxeq}0.25 in $^{186}\mathrm{Au}$ and $^{185}\mathrm{Au}$.

/pdf/sudden-change-in-the-nuclear-charge-distribution-of-very-1vs2ybxf2j.pdf

Sudden change in the nuclear charge distribution of very light gold isotopes

/pdf/laser-spectroscopy-for-the-study-of-exotic-nuclei-e74lz4uc.pdf

Laser spectroscopy for the study of exotic nuclei

Nuclear shape transition in light gold isotopes

The neutron-deficient isotopes /sup 189-194/Tl have been studied using collinear fast atom beam laser spectroscopy with mass-separated beams of 7 x 10/sup 4/ to 4 x 10/sup 5/ atoms per second. By laser excitation of the 535 nm atomic transitions of atoms in the beam, the 6s/sup 2/7s /sup 2/S/sub 1/2/ and 6s/sup 2/6p /sup 2/P/sub 3/2/ hyperfine structures were measured, as were the isotope shifts of the 535 nm transitions. From these, the magnetic dipole moments, spectroscopic quadrupole moments, and isotopic changes in mean-square charge radii were deduced. A large isomer shift in /sup 193/Tl was observed, implying a larger deformation in the (9/2/sup -/ isomer than in the (1/2/sup +/ ground state. The /sup 189,191,193/Tl/sup m/ isotopes have deformations that increase as the mass decreases. A deformed shell model calculation indicates that this increase in deformation can account for the drop in energy of the (9/2/sup -/ bandhead in these isotopes. An increase in neutron pairing correlations, having opposite and compensating effects on the rotational moment of inertia, maintains the spacing of the levels in the (9/2/sup -/ strong-coupled band. Results for /sup 194/Tl/sup m/ differ from previously published values, but are consistent with the /sup 190,192/Tl/sup m/more » data.« less

Nuclear structure of light thallium isotopes as deduced from laser spectroscopy on a fast atom beam.

The isotope shift between197Au (stable) and the radioactive Au isotopes190Au,191Au,192Au and193Au were determined by resonance fluorescence spectroscopy in the 6s2S1/2–6p2P1/2.λ=267.6nm line. The unstable Au isotopes were produced at the ISOLDE mass separator at CERN. The nuclei were investigated semi on-line in a resonance vessel, heated to 1,400°C. The results areδν190,197=−11.12(39) GHz,δν191,197=−9.67(12) GHz,δν192,197=−8.32(15) GHz,δν193,197=−6.29(11) GHz, corresponding to a change of the mean-square charge radius byδ〈r2〉190,197 =0.261(12) fm2,δ〈r2〉191,197=0.227(5) fm2,δ〈r2〉192,197=0.195(5) fm2,δ〈r2〉193,197 =0.148(4) fm2.

/pdf/isotope-shifts-of-neutron-deficient-gold-isotopes-with-193-a-5f6z023zp6.pdf

Isotope shifts of neutron-deficient gold isotopes with 193≧A≧190

Determination of the Isotope Shift of Neutron-Deficient Gold Isotopes

A high-peak-power, narrow-linewidth light source with a homogeneous beam profile has been constructed by modifications to a commercially available pulsed-dye-laser system. Output pulses of up to 10 mJ were generated with linewidths of about 50 MHz for 12-nsec pulses. The pulse-to-pulse frequency stability was better than the linewidth, and the center frequency could be scanned over a frequency range of 142.5 GHz at a wavelength of 600 nm. The performance of the system was demonstrated by observing the 6s2 1S0–6s7s1S0 transition in atomic mercury at 2λ = 312.8 nm and the 6s2S1/2–8s2S1/2 transition in atomic gold at 2λ = 308.9 nm using up to 1 mJ of frequency-doubled output for two-photon nonlinear absorption spectroscopy. The lifetimes of both excited states, the magnetic hyperfine splitting of the 8s2S1/2 state in gold, and the isotope shift of the 6s7s1S0 state of mercury were determined.

/pdf/high-power-pulsed-dye-laser-with-fourier-limited-bandwidth-2gsleox4y5.pdf

High-power pulsed dye laser with fourier-limited bandwidth

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Isotope shifts of neutron-deficient gold isotopes with 193≧A≧190

Determination of the Isotope Shift of Neutron-Deficient Gold Isotopes

High-power pulsed dye laser with fourier-limited bandwidth