Shock Wave Science and Technology Reference Library

Temperature dependence of a planar shock wave in helium and neon is studied by the direct simulation Monte Carlo method based on ab initio potentials. A quantum approach to interatomic interactions used here allows us to carry out calculations over a wide temperature range beginning from 1 K up to 5000 K. Moreover, for high temperatures, the quantum approach requires less computational effort than the classical one. Three gaseous species are considered: helium-3, helium-4, and neon. The problem is solved for three values of the Mach number Ma = 2, 5, 10. No influence of the quantum effects has been detected within the numerical error for the temperature of 300 K and higher. For temperatures lower than 300 K, the influence of the quantum effects in helium exceeds the numerical error and reaches 230%. In the case of neon, the quantum effect does not exceed 2% in the whole temperature range considered in the present work. A comparative analysis of flow-fields in shock waves at various temperatures points out a strong influence of the temperature ahead of a shock wave on its structure. The numerical data provided in the supplementary material can be used to model any flow of helium and neon in a wide range of temperatures.

Temperature dependence of shock wave structure in helium and neon

The flow field produced by a shock wave reflecting from a helium gas-liquid interface was investigated using a cryogenic shock tube. Incident and reflected shock waves were observed in the gas; transmitted first- and second-sound shocks were observed in the liquid. Wave diagrams are constructed to compare the data with theoretical wave trajectories. Qualitative agreement between data and theory is shown. Quantitative differences between data and theory indicate a need for further analysis of both the gas-liquid interface and the propagation of nonlinear waves in liquid helium.
 
This work was a first step in the experimental investigation of a complex non-equilibrium state. The results demonstrate clearly the usefulness of the cryogenic shock tube as a research tool. The well-controlled jump in temperature and pressure across the incident shock wave provides unique initial conditions for the study of dynamic phenomena in superfluid helium.

/pdf/experimental-investigation-of-shock-waves-in-liquid-helium-i-1mpjr0zy4l.pdf

Experimental investigation of shock waves in liquid helium I and II

A cryogenic shock tube has been developed as a tool for research in fluid mechanics
and low-temperature physics. The shock tube was designed to operate with
the test section immersed in a cryogenic liquid. A unique diaphragm-changing
mechanism makes this shock tube an economical and practical device. There are
several advantages in operating a shock tube at cryogenic temperatures. Shock
waves of very large Mach number can be produced. The flow field can be accurately
calculated using ideal-shock-tube/perfect-gas theory. Boundary-layer effects are
decreased, so that long test times are possible.

/pdf/development-of-a-high-performance-cryogenic-shock-tube-55u1608q7r.pdf

Development of a high-performance cryogenic shock tube

The importance and, in fact, the very existence of any experimental approach had to be defended in former days against the extreme theoretical epistemologists like Eddington. Presently experimental science has to come to grips with the computer and a new set of extremists; in every field of physics, except elementary paitides, the forces and governing equations are known and hence in principle all observed and applied physical phenomena are computable, given only sufficient intelligence and a sufficiently dimensioned computer. All problems in fluid mechanics as a largely classical discipline should therefore be computable from Navier-Stokes or similar equations or even from general molecular Boltzmann-like equations. This extreme point of view which has been put forward on occasions is clearly naive and, at least on the basis of today’s facts, easily contradicted. Nobody as yet has succeeded in computing the flow past a sphere over the full range of Reynolds numbers and the chance of a purely theoretical or computational prediction of the effect of the addition of minute quantities of polymers on the turbulent skin friction of water is rather small. One of the most important numerical computations of former days is the 1937 Taylor-Green work on the vorticity cascade; an order of magnitude progress with the same problem is even today anything but easy. It is not difficult to add further counter-examples to the list even without using “strange” fluids like plasmas, ferro fluids and superfluids. Consequently, I start with the assumption that experimental fluid mechanics is going to be a vital part of mechanics and physics for some time to come. However, the impact of the extremely rapid developments in instrumentation and computers has a lasting influence on the approach to and the scope of experiments, and the attitude of an experimentalist to a problem will change with it.

Experimental fluid mechanics: the impact of modern instrumentation

Two shock tubes have been developed which allow for partial or full immersion of the test sections within a cryogenic bath. One tube is used for the study of shock‐wave interactions with strong density gradients, and the other to obtain very large shock Mach numbers with ideal gas conditions in all flow regions.

Cryogenic Shock Tube

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Cryogenic Shock Tube