Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has caused the recent outbreak of coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19). Although nearly two decades have passed since the emergence of pandemics such as SARS-CoV and Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV), no effective drug against the CoV family has yet been approved, so there is a need to find newer therapeutic targets. Currently, simultaneous research across the globe is being performed to discover efficient vaccines or drugs, including both conventional therapies used to treat previous similar diseases and emerging therapies like nanomedicine. Nanomedicine has already proven its value through its application drug delivery and nanosensors in other diseases. Nanomedicine and its components can play an important role in various stages of prevention, diagnosis, treatment, vaccination, and research related to COVID-19. Nano-based antimicrobial technology can be integrated into personal equipment for the greater safety of healthcare workers and people. Various nanomaterials such as quantum dots can be used as biosensors to diagnose COVID-19. Nanotechnology offers benefits from the use of nanosystems, such as liposomes, polymeric and lipid nanoparticles, metallic nanoparticles, and micelles, for drug encapsulation, and facilitates the improvement of pharmacological drug properties. Antiviral functions for nanoparticles can target the binding, entry, replication, and budding of COVID-19. The toxicity-related inorganic nanoparticles are one of the limiting factors of its use that should be further investigated and modified. In this review, we are going to discuss nanomedicine options for COVID-19 management, similar applications for related viral diseases, and their gap of knowledge.

/pdf/nanomedicine-for-covid-19-the-role-of-nanotechnology-in-the-3rhi78n8ov.pdf

Nanomedicine for COVID-19: the role of nanotechnology in the treatment and diagnosis of COVID-19.

Alginate-chitosan coated layered double hydroxide nanocomposites for enhanced oral vaccine delivery.

Mesoporous silica nanoparticles have drawn increasing attention as promising candidates in vaccine delivery. Previous studies evaluating silica-based vaccine delivery systems concentrated largely on macromolecular antigens such as inactivated whole viruses. In this study, we synthesized dendritic mesoporous silica nanoparticles (DMSNs) and we evaluated their effectiveness as delivery platforms for peptide-based subunit vaccines. We encapsulated and tested in vivo an earlier reported foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) peptide vaccine (B2T). The B2T@DMSNs formulation contained the peptide vaccine and the DMSNs without further need of other compounds neither adjuvants and/or emulsions. We measured in vitro a sustained release up to 930h. B2T@DMSNs-57 and B2T@DMSNs-156 released 23.7% (135 µg) and 22.8% (132 µg) of the total B2T. The formation of a corona of serum proteins around the DMSNs increased the B2T release up to 61% (348 µg/mg) and 80% (464 µg/mg) for B2T@DMSNs-57 and B2T@DMSNs-156. In vitro results point out to a longer sustained release, assisted by the formation of a protein corona around DMSNs, compared to the reference formulation (i.e., B2T emulsified in Montanide). We further confirmed in vivo immunogenicity of B2T@DMSNs in a particle size-dependent manner. Since B2T@DMSNs elicited specific immune responses in mice with high IgG production like the reference B2T@MontanideTM, self-adjuvant properties of the DMSNs could be ascribed. Our results display DMSNs as efficacious nanocarriers for peptide-based vaccine administration.

/pdf/in-vivo-sustained-release-of-peptide-vaccine-mediated-by-17ii07zzq8.pdf

In Vivo Sustained Release of Peptide Vaccine Mediated by Dendritic Mesoporous Silica Nanocarriers.

The highly conserved extracellular domain of the transmembrane protein M2 (M2e) of the influenza A virus is a promising target for the development of broad-spectrum vaccines. However, M2e is a poor immunogen by itself and must be linked to an appropriate carrier to induce an efficient immune response. In this study, we obtained recombinant mosaic proteins containing tandem copies of M2e fused to a lipopeptide from Neisseria meningitidis surface lipoprotein Ag473 and alpha-helical linkers and analyzed their immunogenicity. Six fusion proteins, comprising four or eight tandem copies of M2e flanked by alpha-helical linkers, lipopeptides, or a combination of both of these elements, were produced in Escherichia coli. The proteins, containing both alpha-helical linkers and lipopeptides at each side of M2e repeats, formed nanosized particles, but no particulate structures were observed in the absence of lipopeptides. Animal study results showed that proteins with lipopeptides induced strong M2e-specific antibody responses in the absence of external adjuvants compared to similar proteins without lipopeptides. Thus, the recombinant M2e-based proteins containing alpha-helical linkers and N. meningitidis lipopeptide sequences at the N- and C-termini of four or eight tandem copies of M2e peptide are promising vaccine candidates.

https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4915/12/10/1133/pdf

Highly Immunogenic Nanoparticles Based on a Fusion Protein Comprising the M2e of Influenza A Virus and a Lipopeptide

The present review focuses on synthetic peptide-based vaccine strategies in the context of anticancer intervention, paying attention to critical aspects such as peptide epitope selection, adjuvant integration, and nuanced classification of synthetic peptide cancer vaccines. Within this discussion, we delve into the diverse array of synthetic peptide-based anticancer vaccines, each derived from tumor-associated antigens (TAAs), including melanoma antigen recognized by T cells 1 (Melan-A or MART-1), mucin 1 (MUC1), human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER-2), tumor protein 53 (p53), human telomerase reverse transcriptase (hTERT), survivin, folate receptor (FR), cancer-testis antigen 1 (NY-ESO-1), and prostate-specific antigen (PSA). We also describe the synthetic peptide-based vaccines developed for cancers triggered by oncovirus, such as human papillomavirus (HPV), and hepatitis C virus (HCV). Additionally, the potential synergy of peptide-based vaccines with common therapeutics in cancer was considered. The last part of our discussion deals with the realm of the peptide-based vaccines delivery, highlighting its role in translating the most promising candidates into effective clinical strategies. Although this discussion does not cover all the ongoing peptide vaccine investigations, it aims at offering valuable insights into the chemical modifications and the structural complexities of anticancer peptide-based vaccines.

The bright side of chemistry: Exploring synthetic peptide-based anticancer vaccines.

The use of peptide antigens for vaccination, compared with traditional vaccines, has advantages such as purity and low risk of adverse effects and disadvantages such as weak immunogenicity and necessitates administration with an adjuvant. To benefit from these advantages and at the same time overcome the disadvantages, a wide variety of nanoparticles are being actively studied for the development of peptide-based vaccines, in which the antigen either is loaded on the particle surface or is present within the particle. In this chapter, we will provide a brief overview of synthetic peptide–based vaccine research, with special attention on multiple antigen-presenting peptide vaccines. Further, we will introduce the current approaches for the development of nanoparticle-based peptide vaccines, which use well-characterized synthetic peptide antigens with facile chemical modifications (eg, attachment of lipid chain(s) or self-assembling peptide sequences). These modifications can be employed to induce peptide self-assembly into nanoparticles, which present multiple copies of peptide antigens on their surface.

Nanoparticle-Based Peptide Vaccines

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Nanoparticle-Based Peptide Vaccines