Bacterial biofilms in nature and disease.

This article reviews the mechanisms of bacterial adhesion to biomaterial surfaces and the factors affecting the adhesion The process of bacterial adhesion includes an initial physicochemical interaction phase (phase one) and a late molecular and cellular interaction phase (phase two), which is a complicated process affected by many factors, including the characteristics of the bacteria themselves, the target material surface, and the environmental factors, such as the presence of serum proteins or bactericidal substances

Concise review of mechanisms of bacterial adhesion to biomaterial surfaces.

While preparing to teach the Microbial Pathogenesis graduate course at our institution, we found ourselves struggling to find basic definitions of virulence and pathogenicity that incorporated the contributions of both the host and the pathogen. The generally used definition of a pathogen as a microbe that causes disease in a host (Table 1) seemed inadequate, because some microbes do not cause clinically evident disease in all hosts. As we investigated the origins of the modern concepts of microbial pathogenesis, we found that while the importance of a host’s susceptibility for a microbe’s virulence was often recognized, the existing definitions did not account for the contributions of both pathogen and host. Historical definitions of pathogens were based on their ability to cause disease as an invariant trait. An integrated view of microbial pathogenesis accounting for the contributions of both host and pathogen has not been developed. In this article, we review historical concepts of microbial pathogenicity and virulence, propose new definitions, and suggest a classification system for microbial pathogens based on their ability to cause damage as a function of the host’s immune response.

Host-Pathogen Interactions: Redefining the Basic Concepts of Virulence and Pathogenicity

Approximately 30 years have elapsed since Dr. Fujino's original discovery that Vibrio parahaemolyticus (then termed Pasteurella parahemolytica) was the cause of "summer diarrhea" in Japan. Since that finding, V. parahaemolyticus has been established as a cause of gastroenteritis in numbers and places approaching global proportions. It has been isolated in marine and estuarine areas almost worldwide and despite its halophilic nature, V. parahaemolyticus has been isolated from saline-free waters. The relationship of this organism to the environment reveals a close association with other marine organisms especially copepods on which the Vibrios depend for survival in winter months and growth in summer months. There is a uniquely provocative disparity between human strains of V. parahaemolyticus which are Kanagawa phenomenon (KP) positive and the environmental strains which to a large extent are KP negative, the significance being that pathogenicity is measured according to the Kanagawa phenomenon (hemolytic activity) reaction. The hemolysin of the pathogenic strains is a thermostable, cardiotoxic protein, which thus far has not been implicated in the mechanism(s) which causes human gastroenteritis. The interest in this organism has been widened in recent years by the finding that similar organisms, V. alginolyticus, lactose positive vibrios and group F vibrios also cause serious disease in humans.

pdf/vibrio-parahaemolyticus-and-related-halophilic-vibrios-un0mb25w0h.pdf

Vibrio Parahaemolyticus and Related Halophilic Vibrios

Staphylococcus aureus is a major causative agent of intramammary infections in dairy cows. In this report, the pathogenesis of these infections is described. The potential role in virulence of S. aureus surface components (adhesins, protein A and capsular polysaccharides), toxins, extracellular enzymes and coagulase, and perspectives for the development of an efficient vaccine are discussed.

/pdf/virulence-factors-involved-in-the-pathogenesis-of-bovine-ukkoo44l5d.pdf

Virulence factors involved in the pathogenesis of bovine intramammary infections due to Staphylococcus aureus.

https://mmbr.asm.org/content/mmbr/41/2/475.full.pdf

Microbial surfaces in relation to pathogenicity

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Microbial surfaces in relation to pathogenicity