Recoil-ion and electron momentum spectroscopy is a rapidly developing technique that allows one to measure the vector momenta of several ions and electrons resulting from atomic or molecular fragmentation. In a unique combination, large solid angles close to 4π and superior momentum resolutions around a few per cent of an atomic unit (a.u.) are typically reached in state-of-the art machines, so-called reaction-microscopes. Evolving from recoil-ion and cold target recoil-ion momentum spectroscopy (COLTRIMS), reaction-microscopes—the `bubble chambers of atomic physics'—mark the decisive step forward to investigate many-particle quantum-dynamics occurring when atomic and molecular systems or even surfaces and solids are exposed to time-dependent external electromagnetic fields. This paper concentrates on just these latest technical developments and on at least four new classes of fragmentation experiments that have emerged within about the last five years. First, multi-dimensional images in momentum space brought unprecedented information on the dynamics of single-photon induced fragmentation of fixed-in-space molecules and on their structure. Second, a break-through in the investigation of high-intensity short-pulse laser induced fragmentation of atoms and molecules has been achieved by using reaction-microscopes. Third, for electron and ion-impact, the investigation of two-electron reactions has matured to a state such that the first fully differential cross sections (FDCSs) are reported. Fourth, comprehensive sets of FDCSs for single ionization of atoms by ion-impact, the most basic atomic fragmentation reaction, brought new insight, a couple of surprises and unexpected challenges to theory at keV to GeV collision energies. In addition, a brief summary on the kinematics is provided at the beginning. Finally, the rich future potential of the method is briefly envisaged.

/pdf/recoil-ion-and-electron-momentum-spectroscopy-reaction-c7ai542e3l.pdf

Recoil-ion and electron momentum spectroscopy: reaction-microscopes

Cold Target Recoil Ion Momentum Spectroscopy: a &momentum microscope' to view atomic collision dynamics

In 1872, Darwin (1965) observed that anger (rage) was a powerful emotion that motivated “animals of all kinds, and their progenitors before them, when attacked or threatened by an enemy, to fight and protect themselves” (p. 74). Anger is reflected in facial expressions (e.g., reddened face, clenched teeth), muscular tension, and accelerated heart rate, and it differs from rage “only in degree, and there is no marked distinction in their characteristics” (Darwin, 1965, p. 244).


Keywords:

anger;
aggression;
hostility;
STAXI;
emotion;
personality;
anger expression;
anger control

State-Trait Anger Expression Inventory

High-resolution recoil-ion momentum spectroscopy (RIMS) is a novel technique to determine the charge state and the complete final momentum vector of a recoiling target ion emerging from an ionizing collision of an atom with any kind of radiation. It offers a unique combination of superior momentum resolution in all three spatial directions of with a large detection solid angle of . Recently, low-energy electron analysers based on rigorously new concepts and reaching similar specifications were successfully integrated into RIM spectrometers yielding so-called `reaction microscopes'. Exploiting these techniques, a large variety of atomic reactions for ion, electron, photon and antiproton impact have been explored in unprecedented detail and completeness. Among them kinematically complete experiments on electron capture, single and double ionization in ion - atom collisions at projectile energies between 5 keV and 1.4 GeV have been carried out. Double photoionization of He has been investigated at energies close to the threshold up to . At the contributions to double ionization after photoabsorption and Compton scattering were separated kinematically for the first time. These and many other results will be reviewed in this paper. In addition, the experimental technique is described in some detail and emphasis is given to envisaging the rich future potential of the method in various fields of atomic collision physics with atoms, molecules and clusters.

/pdf/recoil-ion-momentum-spectroscopy-2fdjshphs1.pdf

Recoil-ion momentum spectroscopy

Anxiety, anger, depression, and curiosity are major indicators of psychological distress and well-being that require careful assessment Measuring these psychological vital signs is of critical importance in diagnosis, and can facilitate treatment by directly linking intense emotions to the events that give rise to them The historical background regarding theory and research on anxiety, anger, depression, and curiosity is briefly reviewed, and the nature and assessment of these emotional states and personality traits are examined The construction and development of the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI), the State-Trait Anger EXpression Inventory (STAXI-2), and the State-Trait Personality Inventory (STPI) to assess anxiety, anger, depression, and curiosity, and the major components of these emotional states and personality traits, are described in detail Findings demonstrating the diverse utility and efficacy of these measures are also reported, along with guidelines for their interpretation and utilisation in research and clinical practice Research with the STAI, STAXI and STPI over the last 40 years has contributed to understanding vitally important measurement concepts that are especially applicable to the assessment of emotions These concepts included the state–trait distinction, item intensity specificity, and the importance of items that describe the presence or absence of emotions

https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/j.1758-0854.2009.01017.x

Assessment of Emotions: Anxiety, Anger, Depression, and Curiosity

Theoretical and experimental cross sections are presented for single and double ionization of He differential in the projectile scattering angle and the transverse energy of the outgoing recoil ion. A dynamical four-body classical trajectory Monte Carlo method that includes radial electron correlation is utilized to calculate total and differential cross sections for 300 and 500 keV protons and antiprotons in impact collisions with He. The azimuthal emission characteristics of electrons, recoil ion and projectile relative to each other are analysed to provide detailed information on the dynamical differences between single and double ionization and between proton and antiproton impact.

http://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/0953-4075/26/19/026/pdf

Differential cross sections for single and double ionization of helium by protons and antiprotons

We have measured the ratio of cross sections for double to single ionization of helium by Compton scattering, R{sub C}={sigma}{sub C}{sup ++}/{sigma}{sub C}{sup +}, at photon energies of 40, 80, and 100 keV using cold target recoil-ion momentum spectroscopy. Comparison with calculations involving highly correlated initial states and approximate final states with and without final-state correlations, represented by 3C and 2C wave functions respectively, shows that the influence of final-state correlations persists to very high photon energies. A comparison with recent charged-particle data is made. {copyright} {ital 1999} {ital The American Physical Society}

/pdf/cross-section-ratio-of-double-to-single-ionization-of-helium-1snreh8zth.pdf

Cross-section ratio of double to single ionization of helium by compton scattering of 40-100-kev x rays

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Differential cross sections for single and double ionization of helium by protons and antiprotons

Cross-section ratio of double to single ionization of helium by compton scattering of 40-100-kev x rays