Prognosis in schizophrenia.

https://www.annemergmed.com/article/S0196-0644(81)80276-4/pdf

Acute organic brain syndrome: A review of 100 cases

25 untreated urban living schizophrenics fulfilling the criteria of Feighner et al., having Schneiderian auditory hallucination were studied with the aim of examining the experienced reality of auditory hallucination and the influence on this reality of certain variables. It was found that the hallucinations were more real than unreal. Duration of illness, presence of anxiety prior to hallucination, reality testing ability, duration of each episode of hallucination, and socio-economic status scores influenced the reality negatively. The number of hallucinating days per mouth, position of voice outside sensory range, psychotocism scores, insight scores (higher scores for poorer insight) and duration of hallucination influenced the reality positively. The variables explained 72% of the variations in reality of hallucinations. Findings are discussed and suggestions for future studies are offered.

Reality of auditory hallucinations in schizophrenia.

Results from studies of reality testing in schizophrenic and other persons are presented and discussed. For two reasons such results are important. First, it is nowadays realized how important educational rehabilitation is, and such work implies precise knowledge of the patients' cognitive functioning. Second, the biological research methods have been refined to a degree which makes it important to have clear psychological concepts in the biological psychopathological research. Eight experienced reality qualities are operationally definable: qualitites of 1) sensation, 2) behavioral relevance, 3) publicness, 4) objectivity, 5) existence, 6) independence, 7) involuntarity of the experience, and 8) involuntarity of the experienced item are defined. The normal structure of positive and negative qualities 1 through 8 is described for a) sensory experiences, b) thinking of existing things or properties in persons, and for c) fantasy experiences. In 60 schizophrenic patients it was found that they experienced a...

Reality testing in schizophrenia

SUMMARY

Seven reality qualities, representing different aspects of experienced reality, are defined. Examples are given of questions which arc useful in evaluation of these qualities connected to everyday experiences, such as sensory perceptions, thoughts of imaginary items, and thoughts of real objects or real abilities in others or in oneself. A study of 48 preschool children indicates that such children understand the questions used, so that an investigational technique using the defined qualities can provide a simple, direct, and reasonably reliable evaluation of reality testing, Some marked differences are found in reality testing between non-psychotic adults and 3-yr-old normal children.

Experienced reality in three to six year-old children: a study of direct reality testing.

Eight different pairs of positive and negative qualities of experienced reality are defined. It is described in detail how these qualities can be recorded in relation to specified varieties of experience: a)sensory perceptions, b)fantasies, and c)"thinking of actually existing objects or properties in persons." In a study of 15 non-psychotic patients it was found with a very high reliability that the three varieties of experience each had their characteristic constellation of positive and negative values of the eight qualities of reality. It is pointed out that knowledge of such normal constellations is a logical prerequisite for being able to classify other varieties of experience (hallucinations, delusions, and others) as being pathological.

A reliable clinical technique for investigation of the experienced reality and unreality qualities connected with everyday life experiences in psychotic and non-psychotic persons.

Two groups of patients in disturbed states of consciousness (DSC's) were compared with three groups of patients in clear states of consciousness (CSC's): demented, schizophrenic, and non-psychotic patients. In each of the groups, 15 patients were evaluated for 21 "objective" symptoms; each patient was evaluated by two psychiatrists. In this way, reliable symptoms were sought out which could discriminate: 1) elderly patients in DSC's from elderly demented but clear patients; and 2) schizophrenic patients from patients in DSC's caused by either withdrawal states after abuse of alcohol or barbiturates, or psychogenic psychoses. Reliable and discriminating symptoms were found. However, different symptoms discriminated when patients in different diagnostic groups were compared. Three kinds of discriminating values of a symptom may be distinguished from one another: 1) only the presence of a symptom is informative; 2) only its absence is informative; 3) both presence and absence of the symptom are informative.

Empirical investigations on the reliability and the value for differential diagnosis of 21 clinical symptoms of disturbed states of consciousness.

Our results revealed a rather diffuse defect in reality testing in many patients, among these patients who did not present such a defect in a traditional cl ln~cal investigation. However, the defective reality testlng nearly alwa,s was connected to imaginary, non-existing, items, which had a tendency to beexperlenced as being real. The ma te r~a l world rema~ned normal, o r nearly normal, t o all the examined schizophrenic patients. to study the experienced reality qualities connected not to schizophrenic delusions o r hallucinations, but to schizophrenic patients' more ordinary experiences, such as a) perceptions of houses, ashtrays, o r tables; b) thoughts concerning everyday things like a particular chair or clock a t home; c ) thoughts concerning imaginary non-existing items like fairies o r (on our proposal) \"an ashtray made of water and floating In the air here now\"; d ) thoughts concerning a b i l ~ t i e s o r properties of particular persons whlch the patlent knows; and e) thoughts concerning abilities or properties of the patient himself. In choosing such ordinary experiences, without known relations to each patient's de lus~onal o r o ther especially pa~hological experiential fields, we Introduction : attempted to evaluate in each patient whether It is generally l h a t \"melhing is the defect In reality testing was circumscript wrong with reallty testing in schizophrenia. dlfluse. Fenichel (1946) states that the schizophrenic patient has parted with reality. Bleuler (1966) The studied reality qualities writes that in severe cases the contact with Details concerning the 8 studied reality reality is lost completely. In less severe cases, qualities may be found in Aggernaes et al. however, he finds that the defect in reality 1976. testing does not involve all experiences. In most papers concerning experienced reality in schizophrenia it is not possible to see whether the authors think that the defect is partial o r complete. In projective psychological testing The quality of behaviooral relevance is the immediate feeling that the experienced item, actually o r potentially, is relevant for one's real emotions o r acts.

https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/0975156419810101

Experienced Reality in Schizophrenia: How Diffuse is the Defect in Reality Testing?

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A reliable clinical technique for investigation of the experienced reality and unreality qualities connected with everyday life experiences in psychotic and non-psychotic persons.

Empirical investigations on the reliability and the value for differential diagnosis of 21 clinical symptoms of disturbed states of consciousness.

Experienced Reality in Schizophrenia: How Diffuse is the Defect in Reality Testing?