Trichobilharzia is a genus of threadlike schistosomes with a cosmopolitan distribution in birds. Species of Trichobilharzia achieve notoriety as major etiological agents of cercarial dermatitis, or swimmer's itch. There are 40 species described in the literature, for which the majority lacks molecular sequence information. To better understand the phylogenetic relationships, diversity, species boundaries, host use, and geographic distribution of this genus better, we surveyed 378 birds and over 10,000 snails from North America. The phylogenetic analysis was based on nuclear 18S, 28S rDNA, internal transcribed spacer region and mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase I sequence data. Specimens were recovered that could be related to 6 of the 14 described species of Trichobilharzia from North America (Trichobilharzia physellae, Trichobilharzia querquedulae, Trichobilharzia szidati, Trichobilharzia stagnicolae, Trichobilharzia franki, and Trichobilharzia brantae). An additional 5 lineages were found that could not be related directly to previously described species. Trichobilharzia brantae, transmitted by Gyraulus parvus, grouped outside the clade containing the recognized species of Trichobilharzia. A subgroup of the Trichobilharzia clade designated Clade Q was comprised of closely related species whose adults and eggs are similar, yet the European species use lymnaeids whereas the North American species use physids as snail hosts. This molecular phylogeny provides a useful framework (1) to facilitate identification of worms, including those involved in dermatitis outbreaks; (2) to test hypotheses about the evolution, diversification, host-parasite interactions and character evolution of Trichobilharzia; and (3) to guide future taxonomic revision of Trichobilharzia.

/pdf/molecular-systematics-of-the-avian-schistosome-genus-mumwo03vv5.pdf

Molecular Systematics of the Avian Schistosome Genus Trichobilharzia (Trematoda: Schistosomatidae) in North America

Cercarial dermatitis (swimmer's itch) is a common non-communicable water-borne disease. It is caused by penetration of the skin by larvae (cercariae) of schistosomatid flukes and develops as a maculopapular skin eruption after repeated contacts with the parasites. The number of outbreaks of the disease is increasing, and cercarial dermatitis can therefore be considered as an emerging problem. Swimmer's itch is mostly associated with larvae of the bird schistosomes of Trichobilharzia spp. Recent results have shown that mammalian infections (including man) manifest themselves as an allergic reaction which is able to trap and eliminate parasites in the skin. Studies on mammals experimentally infected by bird schistosome cercariae revealed, however, that during primary infection, parasites are able to escape from the skin to the lungs or central nervous system. This review covers basic information on detection of the infectious agents in the field and the clinical course of the disease, including other pathologies which may develop after infection by cercariae, and diagnosis of the disease.

Cercarial Dermatitis, a Neglected Allergic Disease

The human infection known under the names cercarial dermatitis or swimmers' itch is generally associated with swimming in lakes all over the world, however, a number of outbreaks of cercarial dermatitis developing in salt or brackish waters are also reported. The disease presents as allergic reaction which is able to trap and eliminate the parasites in the skin. However, the infection can be linked to more than skin symptoms under certain circumstances. Recent studies on bird schistosomes have shown that during primary infections of noncompatible hosts (mice) the parasites may migrate through visceral and nervous tissues of mammals. Up to date, cercarial dermatitis has been mostly associated with the cercariae of bird schistosomes of the genus Trichobilharzia. Recent findings of new genera and species indicate, however, broader spectrum of causative agents of the disease with different life cycles, host specificity and pathogenicity.

/pdf/schistosomes-causing-cercarial-dermatitis-a-mini-review-of-197crv9xq0.pdf

Schistosomes causing cercarial dermatitis: a mini-review of current trends in systematics and of host specificity and pathogenicity

Cercarial dermatitis or swimmer's itch results when cercariae of schistosomes penetrate human skin and initiate inflammatory responses. The parasites typically die in the skin but in some cases may persist and infect other organs. Cercarial dermatitis is caused by a complex and poorly known assemblage of schistosome species, and can occur in any location where people come in contact with water bodies harbouring schistosome-infected snails. In North America, most cases are reported from the upper Midwest. In south-western USA, this phenomenon has not been well studied, and it is not known which schistosome species are present, or if cercarial dermatitis occurs with any regularity. As part of our ongoing studies of schistosome diversity, using morphological traits and sequence data to differentiate species, we have thus far identified eight schistosome genetic lineages from snails from New Mexico and Colorado. We have investigated two cercarial dermatitis outbreaks, one occurring in Stubblefield Lake in northern New Mexico, and one in Prospect Lake in the heart of Colorado Springs, Colorado. The New Mexico outbreak involved either one or two different avian schistosome species, both transmitted by physid snails. The Colorado outbreak was due to Trichobilharzia brantae, a species transmitted by geese and the snail Gyraulus parvus. These outbreaks are in contrast to those in northern states where schistosomes infecting snails of the family Lymnaeidae are more often responsible for outbreaks. Our survey suggests that dermatitis-causing schistosomes are not rare in the southwest, and that there are plenty of opportunities for dermatitis outbreaks to occur in this region.

/pdf/schistosomes-in-the-southwest-united-states-and-their-21h8x7pa2p.pdf

Schistosomes in the southwest United States and their potential for causing cercarial dermatitis or 'swimmer's itch'.

This paper aims at evaluating the occurrence of Diplostomum (Austrodiplostomum) compactum (Digenea: Diplostomatidae) in the eyeball of Plagioscion squamosissimus (corvina) and Cichla ocellaris (tucunare), monthly captured in Parana river, Presidente Epitacio, state of Sao Paulo, Brazil. From 61 corvinas under analysis, 56 of them contained parasites (92 %) with intensity rate of 42.0 host parasites. From an amount of 81 tucunares, 45 contained parasites (55 %) with intensity rate of 9.3 parasites. Corvinas showed prevalence from 71 to 100 % with the highest intensity rates (103.3 and 106.9) from February to March, 2001. Comparatively, the tucunare showed the highest prevalence from November 2000 (90%) to February 2001 (80%). The tucunare highest intensity rates occurred on September, 2000 (12.7), December, 2000 (12.2) and February, 2001 (16.1). Metacercariae showed a hollow womb body and a posterior region of a sinuous conic protuberance, an oral sucker smaller than the acetabulae, a simple acetabulae located in the pre-equatorial region of helminto. A short pre-pharynx followed by a muscular pharynx, genital pore next to acetubulae. Corvina metacercariae presents 1.434,0 µm (880 to 1.840) long by 611.2 ± 93.4 µm (400 to 792) wide. Tucunare metacercariae, 1.462.4 µm (960 to 2.480) by 710.8 µm (560 to 960). Authors confirmed corvina great susceptibility to Diplomastum and the relationship between the parasitism and the aquatic and climatic parameters.

Metacercárias de Diplostomum (Austrodiplostomum) compactum Lutz, 1928 (Digenea, Diplostomidae) em peixes do rio Paraná, Brasil. Prevalência, sazonalidade e intensidade de infecção

Quatre furcocercaires emises par Biomphalaria glabrata en Guadeloupe sont decrites. Deux appartiennent a la famille des Strigeidae, l’une caracterisant le genre Apharyngostrigea , l’autre, nommee Cercaria parvisglandulis n. sp., etant d’un type nouveau pour cette famille. La troisieme est caracteristique du sous-genre Tylodelphys de la famille des Diplostomatidae. Cette cercaire penetre chez le Poisson Cichlide Tilapia mossambica et evolue jusqu’au stade diplostomulum dans la chambre anterieure de l’œil. La quatrieme est une cercaire ocellee de Schistosomatidae de grande taille, tres proche des cercaires du genre Trichobilharzia. La chetotaxie de cette cercaire est analysee et comparee a celles connues dans les genres Trichobilharzia et Gigantobilharzia. Leurs rapports de parente avec les Trematodes adultes connus en Guadeloupe et dans les regions neotropicales voisines sont discutes.

/pdf/sur-quatre-furcocercaires-emises-par-biomphalaria-glabrata-4r3lfxg48y.pdf

Sur quatre furcocercaires émises par Biomphalaria glabrata en Guadeloupe

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Sur quatre furcocercaires émises par Biomphalaria glabrata en Guadeloupe