The first haploid angiosperm, a dwarf form of cotton with half the normal chromosome complement, was discovered in 1920, and in the ninety years since then such plants have been identified in many other species. They can occur either spontaneously or can be induced by modified pollination methods in vivo, or by in vitro culture of immature male or female gametophytes. Haploids represent an immediate, one-stage route to homozygous diploids and thence to F(1) hybrid production. The commercial exploitation of heterosis in such F(1) hybrids leads to the development of hybrid seed companies and subsequently to the GM revolution in agriculture. This review describes the range of techniques available for the isolation or induction of haploids and discusses their value in a range of areas, from fundamental research on mutant isolation and transformation, through to applied aspects of quantitative genetics and plant breeding. It will also focus on how molecular methods have been used recently to explore some of the underlying aspects of this fascinating developmental phenomenon.

https://www.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/j.1467-7652.2009.00498.x

Haploids in flowering plants: origins and exploitation.

Publisher Summary Somatic procedures form a well-established technology that has made significant contributions to plant improvement and mass propagation in horticulture, agriculture, and to some extent in forestry, as a means of rapidly multiplying elite varieties or clone. This chapter reviews recent advances in somatic procedures and their applications, including somatic embryogenesis, haploid technologies, protoplast and somatic hybridization, and use of somatic procedures in screening and development of stress-resistant plants. These techniques can be applied to improving plants for ornamental purposes and nutritional quality, and creating unique and highly desirable plants that can meet market demand. Somatic embryogenesis has become one of the most desired pathways in the regeneration of plants via tissue culture because it bypasses the necessity of time-consuming and costly manipulation of individual explants, which is a problem with organogenesis. Two patterns of somatic embryogenesis are recognized: direct embryogenesis, where the embryo develops directly on the explant, and indirect embryogenesis, in which the embryo arises from a callus. Haploid technology is also discussed in this study, which is of significant interest for developmental and genetic research, as well as for plant breeding and biotechnology. Haploid plants are useful in understanding cellular totipotency because they develop from single male or female gametes without fertilization.

Somatic (asexual) procedures (haploids, protoplasts, cell selection) and their applications

Apical and axillary buds of Guizotia abyssinica Cass., isolated from seedlings raised in vitro, were cultured. High frequency of shoot regeneration was achieved on MS medium with BAP (1 mgl−1). Effect of BAP, Kn and GA3 applied successively in culture on shoot regeneration and flower bud formation has been studied. The shoots differentiated in cultures elongated on this medium. These rooted subsequently on half strength MS medium. The shoots flowered in vitro on MS medium with a combination of BAP (0.1mgl−1) + GA3 (0.1 mgl−1). The plantlets thus formed were successfully hardened with 90 % survival.

/pdf/synergistic-effect-of-bap-and-ga3-on-in-vitro-flowering-of-5cupxe5nlf.pdf

Synergistic effect of BAP and GA3 on in vitro flowering of Guizotia abyssinica Cass.-A multipurpose oil crop

Sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) and niger (Guizotia abyssinica) are minor oilseed crops of subtropical countries. The growing area and production of these crops is declining in the traditional areas due to several factors and not much work has been done to overcome these. Biotechnological approaches may be employed in these neglected crops to overcome the slow pace of improvement. In sesame and niger it is now possible to obtain haploid plants through anther culture which principally results in a time gain of several years in releasing a variety. Interspecific hybridization supported by the embryo rescue technique is another interesting supplementary strategy that may help to create new genetic variation. Molecular markers are proving a most useful tool for sesame and niger breeding programs, helping to identify new germplasm and elite cultivars as well as for marker assisted selection (MAS). Foreign genes can be transferred by means of genetic engineering. Necessary pre-requisites for alien gene trans- fer by applying genetic engineering for oilseed improvement are principally available, i.e., efficient vectors and transformation systems have been elaborated and a number of target genes have meanwhile been isolated. Hence, the transfer of relevant genes, especially for seed oil quality, to cultivated species can be anticipated in the near future. Here, we briefly review the current status of sesame and niger improvement through strategies including tissue culture technology, molecular marker-assisted breeding, functional genomics and genetic transformation.

Minireview: Biotechnological approaches for sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) and niger (Guizotia abyssinica L.f. Cass.)

/pdf/brrsy-shkhshy-jwnhzny-bdhr-w-mhtwy-antwsynyn-gyhchh-dnsyh-14slzj98ot.pdf

بررسی شاخصهای جوانهزنی بذر و محتوای آنتوسیانین گیاهچه دانسیاه(Guizotia abyssinica) تحت اثر سه نانو ذره

Haploid plants were regenerated in vitro from unpollinated ovules of niger (Guizotia abyssinica (L. f.) (Cass.) on Murashige and Skoog nutrient medium (MS) supplemented with 10 μM naphthaleneacetic acid or 10 μM NAA + 1.5 μM kinetin and 30 g/l sucrose. Gamborg (B5) medium was the best for plant regeneration (in comparison with MS, Nitsch and Nitsch (NN), and Chu (N6) media) from cultured ovules, and 6.66 and 7.33 ovules of JNC-6 and Ootacamund cultivars were involved in direct plant regeneration on this medium. Matured ovules (ovules collected one day before anthesis or on the day of anthesis) only responded to cultural regimes and involved in direct plantlet development. Cytological preparation of root tips and chloroplast counts in the guard cells of leaf stomata of regenerated plants confirmed their haploid nature.

Haploid plant regeneration from unpollinated ovule cultures of niger (Guizotia abyssinica (L. f.) Cass.)

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Haploid plant regeneration from unpollinated ovule cultures of niger (Guizotia abyssinica (L. f.) Cass.)