A comparison has been made between the concentrations of eleven trace metals in the tissues of two species of scallops, Pecten maximus (L.) and Chlamys opercularis (L.), collected from the same area of the English Channel. Although there was considerable variation between individual animals, the mean concentrations of Ag, Co, Cr, Cu, Mn, Ni, Pb and Zn were higher in the whole body of Chlamys than in Pecten but concentrations of Al, Cd and Fe were lower. In both species, seasonal changes in the concentrations of Co, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb and Zn were observed and, in general, the highest values were found in the autumn and winter months. These changes may be related to food supply, since concentrations were generally highest when phytoplankton productivity was low and tended to fall in the spring as productivity increased rapidly to its annual peak. Despite problems arising from individual and seasonal variation, the kidneys and digestive gland of scallops appear to have potential as biological indicators of trace metals.The results obtained for Pecten and Chlamys are compared with those in the literature for species from the family Pectinidae.

https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/S0025315400056691

The occurrence and seasonal variation of trace metals in the scallops pecten maximus (L.) and chlamys opercularis (L.)

Since the advent of nuclear fission, considerable interest has been aroused in the biological fate of strontium, as two isotopes of this element are among the longer-lived fission products of uranium. Strontium 90, in particular, constitutes the major hazard in old fission products because it is readily taken up by all kinds of plants and may then be concentrated in the bones of animals feeding on the plants. Strontium 90 contamination may be derived from fall-out from atomic explosions or from uncontrolled disposal of fission products. The oceans should receive more than twice as much Strontium 90 from fall-out as the continents because 70% of the surface area of the globe is covered by sea. The oceans are also used, though to a very limited extent at present, for the disposal of fission products from reactor wastes. Hence it is obviously important to study the behaviour of strontium in marine organisms in order to evaluate the health hazard caused by controlled or uncontrolled radioactive contamination of sea water. Barium has only relatively short-lived fission-product isotopes, but can readily be studied at the same time as strontium because of its similar chemistry.

/pdf/strontium-and-barium-in-sea-water-and-marine-organisms-2qjxl8wi76.pdf

Strontium and barium in sea water and marine organisms

Sponge `sentinel' of heavy metals

Laboratory soft bottom microcosms, containing sediment with natural populations of meio-and microfauna and the amphipod Pontoporeia affinis Lindstrom, were used to investigate chronic effects of cadmium on a typical Baltic Sea benthic community. Temperature, salinity, organic content of the sediment and the life cycles of the amphipods in laboratory control microcosms were in good agreement with conditions in the Baltic Sea. In Experiment 1, P. affinis was exposed to four assayed cadmium concentrations, 0 (control), 6.3, 41 and 127 μg Cd·1-1, for 265 d. At the lowest cadmium concentration (6.3 μg Cd·1-1), the sediment contained about 700 times, and P. affinis about 1 700 times, the water concentration at the end of the experiments. In microcosms without P. affinis, the sediments accumulated less cadmium. Effects on P. affinis embryogenesis were detected after 105 d of exposure in all tested cadmium concentrations. Mortality of juveniles was significantly increased after 265 d of exposure in mean assayed concentrations of 41 and 127 μg Cd·1-1. In Experiment 2, P. affinis was exposed to cadmium in assayed concentrations, 0, 6.5 and 46 μg Cd·1-1 for 460 d. At the lowest water concentration (6.5 μg Cd·1-1), the prolonged exposure did not increase the sediment concentration, which indicates a steady state, while concentrations in P. affinis reached about 3 500 times the lowest water concentration after 460 d. Juvenile P. affinis matured sexually and reproduced normally in all microcosms, but their offspring died in all microcosms with added Cd. This occurred at water concentrations not uncommon in polluted marine areas. The effects are serious in comparison to those found in conventional short-term laboratory experiments with the same concentrations and demonstrate the importance of long-term experiments in ecotoxicology.

Effects of cadmium on Pontoporeia affinis (Crustacea: Amphipoda) in laboratory soft-bottom microcosms

Scallops (Bivalvia: Pectinidae) contain very high concentrations of cadmium (Cd) and zinc (Zn) in their body tissues. We investigated the allometry of Cd and Zn concentrations in the scal- lop Chlamys nobilis and the underlying biokinetic mechanisms. The metal influx rate from the dis- solved phase and the weight-specific clearance rate decreased with body size, whereas the dietary assimilation efficiency (AE) increased with increasing body size. The dietary AEs of metals in the scallops were comparable when measured by the mass balance and the dual radiotracer techniques. The efflux rate of Cd in the scallops was lower than those in other bivalves, whereas the efflux of Zn was comparable to those in other bivalves. Growth dilution appeared to be important in the overall metal accumulation in the scallops. The allometric dependencies of the biokinetic parameters were then combined with the measurements of metal concentrations in the water to predict the likely metal concentrations in scallops of different sizes using the biokinetic model. The modeling suggested that the very high AE and low efflux rate for Cd explained the high Cd concentrations in the scallops. Dietary uptake dominated the overall metal accumulation in the scallops. Both the predicted metal concentrations and the allometric coefficients of metals were comparable to the measured values. This study shows, for the first time, that the biokinetic model can be used to predict the effects of body size on the bioaccumulation of metals in marine invertebrates. The allometry of ingestion rate, com- pared to other biokinetic parameters, is mainly responsible for the allometry of metal bioaccumula- tion in the scallops.

/pdf/allometry-of-cadmium-and-zinc-concentrations-and-cubanb14og.pdf

Allometry of cadmium and zinc concentrations and bioaccumulation in the scallop Chlamys nobilis

IN NATURE of April 20, 1929 (123, p. 601), one of us (H. R.) described a method of spectrographic analysis of mineral and organic substances and pointed out the value of the method for biological purposes. Since then we have undertaken a survey of the animal kingdom with the purpose of detecting and analysing quantitatively those of the less common elements contained in protoplasm and its products which can be investigated by this method.

/pdf/spectrographic-analysis-of-animal-tissues-sy2u8ajpa5.pdf

Spectrographic Analysis of Animal Tissues

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Spectrographic Analysis of Animal Tissues