This paper gives the 2010 self-consistent set of values of the basic constants and conversion factors of physics and chemistry recommended by the Committee on Data for Science and Technology (CODATA) for international use. The 2010 adjustment takes into account the data considered in the 2006 adjustment as well as the data that became available from 1 January 2007, after the closing date of that adjustment, until 31 December 2010, the closing date of the new adjustment. Further, it describes in detail the adjustment of the values of the constants, including the selection of the final set of input data based on the results of least-squares analyses. The 2010 set replaces the previously recommended 2006 CODATA set and may also be found on the World Wide Web at physics.nist.gov/constants.

/pdf/codata-recommended-values-of-the-fundamental-physical-4bsdant71c.pdf

CODATA Recommended Values of the Fundamental Physical Constants: 2006

We measured the Newtonian constant of gravity, G , using a gravity gradiometer based on atom interferometry. The gradiometer measures the differential acceleration of two samples of laser-cooled Cs atoms. The change in gravitational field along one dimension is measured when a well-characterized Pb mass is displaced. Here, we report a value of G = 6.693 × 10–11 cubic meters per kilogram second squared, with a standard error of the mean of ±0.027 × 10–11 and a systematic error of ±0.021 × 10–11 cubic meters per kilogram second squared. The possibility that unknown systematic errors still exist in traditional measurements makes it important to measure G with independent methods.

https://science.sciencemag.org/content/sci/315/5808/74.full.pdf

Atom Interferometer Measurement of the Newtonian Constant of Gravity

We present a new measurement of the Newtonian gravitational constant G based on cold-atom interferometry. Freely falling samples of laser-cooled rubidium atoms are used in a gravity gradiometer to probe the field generated by nearby source masses. In addition to its potential sensitivity, this method is intriguing as gravity is explored by a quantum system. We report a value of G � 6:667 � 10 � 11 m 3 kg � 1 s � 2 , estimating a statistical uncertainty of � 0:011 � 10 � 11 m 3 kg � 1 s � 2 and a systematic uncertainty of � 0:003 � 10 � 11 m 3 kg � 1 s � 2 . The long-term stability of the instrument and the signal-tonoise ratio demonstrated here open interesting perspectives for pushing the measurement accuracy below the 100 ppm level. The Newtonian constant of gravity G is one of the most measured fundamental physical constants and at the same time the least precisely known. Improving the knowledge of G has not only a pure metrological interest, but is also important for the key role that it plays in theories of gravitation, cosmology, and particle physics, in geophysical models, and in astrophysical observations. However, the extreme weakness of the gravitational force and the impossibility of shielding the effects of gravity make it difficult to measure G, while keeping systematic effects well under control. Many of the measurements performed to date are based on the traditional torsion pendulum method [1], direct derivation of the historical experiment performed by Cavendish in 1798. Recently, many groups have set up new experiments based on different concepts and with completely different systematics: a beam-balance system [2], a laser interferometry measurement of the acceleration of a freely falling test mass [3], experiments based on Fabry-Perot or microwave cavities [4,5]. However, the most precise measurements available today still show substantial discrepancies, limiting the accuracy of the 2006 CODATA recommended value for G to 1 part in 10 4 . From this point of view, the realization of conceptually different experiments can help to identify still hidden systematic effects and therefore improve the confidence in the final result. Cold-atom interferometry has demonstrated outstanding performances for the measurement of tiny rotations and accelerations, and it is widely used for many applications: precision measurements of gravity [6], gravity gradient [7], and rotation of the Earth [8,9], but also tests of Einstein’s weak equivalence principle [10], tests of Newton’s law at short distances [11], and measurement of fundamental physical constants [12,13]. Applications of these techniques for fundamental physics experiments in space are under study [14]. In this Letter, we present a new determination of the Newtonian constant of gravity based on cold-atom interferometry. An atomic gravity gradiometer is used to measure the differential acceleration experienced by two freely falling samples of laser-cooled rubidium atoms under the influence of nearby tungsten masses. The measurement is repeated in two different configurations of the source masses and modeled by a numerical simulation. From the evolution of the atomic wave packets and the distribution of the source masses, we evaluate the expected differential acceleration, having G as a unique free parameter. Avalue for Newton’s constant of gravity is finally extracted by comparing experimental data and numerical simulations. Proof-of-principle experiments with similar schemes using lead masses were already presented in [15,16]. In the present work, specific efforts have been devoted to the control of systematic effects related to atomic trajectories, positioning of source masses, and stray fields. In particular, FIG. 1 (color online). Schematic of the experiment showing the gravity gradiometer setup with the Raman beams propagating along the vertical direction. During the G measurement, the position of the source masses is alternated between configuration C1 (left) and C2 (right). PRL 100, 050801 (2008)

Determination of the Newtonian Gravitational Constant Using Atom Interferometry

Atom interferometers have been developed in the last three decades as new powerful tools to investigate gravity. They were used for measuring the gravity acceleration, the gravity gradient, and the gravity-field curvature, for the determination of the gravitational constant, for the investigation of gravity at microscopic distances, to test the equivalence principle of general relativity and the theories of modified gravity, to probe the interplay between gravitational and quantum physics and to test quantum gravity models, to search for dark matter and dark energy, and they were proposed as new detectors for the observation of gravitational waves. Here I describe past and ongoing experiments with an outlook on what I think are the main prospects in this field and the potential to search for new physics.

/pdf/testing-gravity-with-cold-atom-interferometry-results-and-5amo3uzvij.pdf

Testing gravity with cold atom interferometry: Results and prospects.

The Newtonian gravitational constant G, which is one of the most important fundamental physical constants in nature, plays a significant role in the fields of theoretical physics, geophysics, astrophysics and astronomy. Although G was the first physical constant to be introduced in the history of science, it is considered to be one of the most difficult to measure accurately so far. Over the past two decades, eleven precision measurements of the gravitational constant have been performed, and the latest recommended value for G published by the Committee on Data for Science and Technology (CODATA) is (6.674 08 ± 0.000 31) × 10^−11 m^3 kg^−1 s^−2 with a relative uncertainty of 47 parts per million. This uncertainty is the smallest compared with previous CODATA recommended values of G; however, it remains a relatively large uncertainty among other fundamental physical constants. In this paper we briefly review the history of the G measurement, and introduce eleven values of G adopted in CODATA 2014 after 2000 and our latest two values published in 2018 using two independent methods.

Precision measurement of the Newtonian gravitational constant.

We present the status and preliminary results of the Wuppertal gravitational experiment which is based on a microwave resonator. The gravitational force of two test masses acting on the resonator is measured as a function of distance. From new data taken recently we determine the gravitational constant G and test Newton's inverse square law in a distance range between 0.7 m and 2.2 m. From our measurements we obtain a preliminary value for G = 6.6735 × 10-11 m3 kg-1 s-2 with an uncertainty of 432 ppm dominated by systematic considerations.

Absolute measurement of the Newtonian force and a determination of G

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Absolute measurement of the Newtonian force and a determination of G