https://www.gastrojournal.org/article/S0016-5085(03)01517-8/pdf

Prevalence of hepatitis C virus infection in B-cell non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma: systematic review and meta-analysis

We review the literature on primary hepatic lymphoma (PHL). PHL is a rare malignancy, and constitutes about 0.016% of all cases of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. It has been reported to occur with increased frequency in patients with chronic hepatitis C infection. Most patients with PHL present with abdominal pain, constitutional symptoms and have hepatomegaly on examination. Imaging studies reveal solitary, or less often, multiple masses in the liver. The predominant histology is B-cell lymphoma, most commonly diffuse large cell type. Most patients are treated with chemotherapy, with some physicians employing a multimodality approach incorporating surgery and radiotherapy with chemotherapy. The prognosis is variable, with good response to early aggressive combination chemotherapy.

Primary non-Hodgkin's lymphoma of the liver.

A high prevalence of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection in patients with B-cell non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (B-NHL) has been reported in some, but not all, studies, and the association showed a strong regional variation. We conducted a systematic review of the prevalence of HCV infection in case series of B-NHL and, when an appropriate control group was available, of the odds ratio of B-NHL associated with HCV infection. A high HCV prevalence in B-NHL was found in southern and eastern Europe, Japan and the southern United States, but not in central and northern Europe, Canada, northern United States, or a few Asian countries. Possible sources of heterogeneity and bias are discussed. The odds ratio of B-NHL for HCV infection was relatively weak, ranging from 2 to 4 in most studies. Thus, even if the observed association were causal, the percentage of cases of B-NHL attributable to HCV infection would be relatively low (10%) also in countries with a high prevalence of HCV infection in the general population, and extremely low in other countries. This may explain apparent inconsistencies between studies. Potential mechanisms of action are also discussed.

https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/ijc.20205

B-cell non-Hodgkin's lymphoma and hepatitis C virus infection: A systematic review

The clinicopathological features of a rare case of primary non-Hodgkin's hepatic lymphoma (PHL) are described and compared to those of the other 76 cases reported in the world literature. PHL is mainly a disease of Caucasian, middle-aged males and, in approximately half of the reported cases, was associated with other diseases involving depression or chronic stimulation of the immune system. Right upper abdominal and epigastric pain with loss of weight are the most common presenting symptoms. The tumour is usually a single large mass involving both hepatic lobes and is almost invariably composed of lymphocytes reacting with B-cell markers. Most tumours are of intermediate or high grade according to the classification of the Working Formulation for Clinical Usage. No correlation is apparent between gross appearance of PHL (massive or nodular) and grade of severity. Chemotherapy or radiotherapy alone appears to be ineffective, while relatively good results can be obtained with combination modalities.

Primary Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma of the Liver

AIM: To summarize the current knowledge about the potential relationship between hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection and the risk of several extra-liver cancers.

METHODS: We performed a systematic review of the literature, according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) Statement. We extracted the pertinent articles, published in MEDLINE and the Cochrane Library, using the following search terms: neoplasm/cancer/malignancy/tumor/carcinoma/adeno-carcinoma and non-Hodgkin lymphomas, kidney/renal-, cholangio-, pancreatic-, thyroid-, breast-,oral-, skin-, prostate-, lung-, colon-, stomach-, haematologic. Case series, case-series with control-group, case-control, cohort-studies as well as meta-analyses, written in English were collected. Some of the main characteristics of retrieved trials, which were designed to investigate the prevalence of HCV infection in each type of the above-mentioned human malignancies were summarised. A main table was defined and included a short description in the text for each of these tumours, whether at least five studies about a specific neoplasm, meeting inclusion criteria, were available in literature. According to these criteria, we created the following sections and the corresponding tables and we indicated the number of included or excluded articles, as well as of meta-analyses and reviews: (1) HCV and haematopoietic malignancies; (2) HCV and cholangiocarcinoma; (3) HCV and pancreatic cancer; (4) HCV and breast cancer; (5) HCV and kidney cancer; (6) HCV and skin or oral cancer; and (7) HCV and thyroid cancer.

RESULTS: According to available data, a clear correlation between regions of HCV prevalence and risk of extra-liver cancers has emerged only for a very small group of types and histological subtypes of malignancies. In particular, HCV infection has been associated with: (1) a higher incidence of some B-cell Non-Hodgkin-Lymphoma types, in countries, where an elevated prevalence of this pathogen is detectable, accounting to a percentage of about 10%; (2) an increased risk of intra-hepatic cholangiocarcinoma; and (3) a correlation between HCV prevalence and pancreatic cancer (PAC) incidence.

CONCLUSION: To date no definitive conclusions may be obtained from the analysis of relationship between HCV and extra-hepatic cancers. Further studies, recruiting an adequate number of patients are required to confirm or deny this association.

Possible association between hepatitis C virus and malignancies different from hepatocellular carcinoma: A systematic review

Dear Sir, Due to the close association between hepatitis C virus (HCV) and essential mixed cryoglobulinemia, many studies have been conducted in the last 3 years to determine the prevalence of HCV infection in the patients affected by non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma (NHL). Reports concerning the possible etiological role of HCV in lymphoproliferative disease have mostly originated from Italy, where a high prevalence of HCV infection (20–35%) in B-cell-type NHL is found [10, 11]. Similar results have also been reported from parts of the United States [20] and Japan [9]. By contrast, few additional studies originating from the United Kingdom [12] or from France [5] failed to demonstrate a correlation between HCV and NHL, suggesting a role for the prevalence of discrepancies of HCV infection among populations of different geographical areas. We have studied 119 German patients at first diagnosis of malignant lymphoma (105 cases of B-cell-type NHL and 14 cases of T-cell-type NHL) since 1995 to determine the prevalence of serologic markers of HCV infection. Biopsy material was classified according to the Revised European–American Lymphoma (REAL) classification [7]. Using third-generation enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), none of the patients with non-BTable 1 Histological and virological characteristics of non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma (NHL) patients. NHL non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma according to the Revised European–American Lymphoma (REAL) classification; HCV hepatitis C virus

Primary hepatic or splenic diffuse large B-cell lymphoma and hepatitis C virus infection: a non-fortuitous association?

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Primary hepatic or splenic diffuse large B-cell lymphoma and hepatitis C virus infection: a non-fortuitous association?