In this paper, we review the emerging challenges and research opportunities for voltage control in smart grids. For transmission grids, the voltage control for accommodating wind and solar power, fault-induced delayed voltage recovery, and measurement-based Thevenin equivalent for voltage stability analysis are reviewed. For distribution grids, the impact of high penetration of distributed energy resources is analyzed, typical control strategies are reviewed, and the challenges for local inverter Volt–Var control is discussed. In addition, the motivation, state-of-the-art, and future directions of the coordination of transmission system operators (TSO) and distribution system operators (DSO) are also thoroughly discussed.

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Review of Challenges and Research Opportunities for Voltage Control in Smart Grids

Transmission network voltage regulation through coordinated automatic control of reactive powers is now becoming a challenging objective for many utilities and system operators (ISO or TSO) to achieve significant improvements in the security, quality, and efficiency of power system operation. This survey paper is concerned with application of Secondary and Tertiary Voltage Regulations (SVR and TVR), already operating in the Italian transmission network. The basic concepts behind SVR and TVR and the related hierarchical control system are first described in terms of system characteristics, main functions and design requirements. Cost/benefit analysis and comparison with alternative voltage control solutions are also provided in relation to the influence of power system restructuring process on the voltage ancillary service. More details about control system apparatuses and their field test results are provided in Part II.

Closure of "The coordinated automatic voltage control of the Italian transmission grid - part I: reasons of the choice and overview of the consolidated hierarchical system"

Online closed-loop hierarchical control systems (HCSs) are widely used in power-system operation Like typical cyber-physical systems, the contingencies on the cyber side of an HCS may lead to inappropriate control commands, which will influence the physical power system To evaluate the degree to which these inappropriate control commands influence the power system, we propose a cyber-physical equivalent model for HCSs In this model, the HCS cyber network is abstracted to a directed graph consisting of data nodes and directed branches, and connectivity is described by using a node-branch incidence matrix Using this strategy, we can describe the general information flow in an HCS using mathematical equations on the basis of which quantitative evaluation can be carried out Furthermore, by using existing operation records, several kinds of typical cyber-contingencies are also modeled on the basis of which cyber-contingency assessment (cyber-CA) can be implemented by using a model-based approach Considering the computational efficiency, such an approach keeps only key characteristics of the information flow rather than all features of the cyber network In the case study, a coordinated secondary-voltage control system is studied as an example The physical impacts of various cyber-contingencies on different data transmission and processing modules are compared The results show that the model-based method provides improved efficiency compared with conventional simulation-based methods while maintaining accuracy

Cyber-Physical Modeling and Cyber-Contingency Assessment of Hierarchical Control Systems

This paper addresses implementation issues associated with secondary voltage control in a doubly-fed induction generator based wind farm. The effects of different system parameters on the performance of the control are considered, namely the short circuit ratio of the interconnection and the inherent communication delay between the wind park and the remote bus. In addition, a strategy for allocation reactive power requirements to each of the generators within the wind park is proposed. The system is developed and simulated for a wind park consisting of six wind generators connected to a typical transmission system. The paper proposes an optimal tracking secondary voltage control method developed to achieve effective voltage regulation, enhance the network voltage profile and provide optimal reactive power compensation to the interconnected power system. The performance of the controller is compared with secondary voltage control at one selected bus, primary voltage control and the optimal voltage profile obtained from the optimal power flow analysis. The performance of the controllers is tested for steady state operation and in response to system contingencies, taking into account the impact of communication time delays and short circuit ratio (SCRs). Simulation results are presented to demonstrate the capability of the controllers to provide the desired reactive power compensation and voltage support to the electric power grid.

A Secondary Voltage Control Strategy for Transmission Level Interconnection of Wind Generation

This paper recalls the 30-year history of wide-area measurements at Hydro-Quebec. At present, a state-of-the art, eight-PMU-based wide-area monitoring system commissioned in 2004 is on line, feeding the EMS with GPS-synchronized angles, frequencies, and harmonic distortion measurements from key 735-kV buses. Specific to Hydro-Quebec is the current use of one such system for frequency regulation reporting and control-room implementation of preventive measures against geomagnetic storm-induced contingencies. Building on this experience, the Hydro-Quebec research institute, together with TransEnergie, is developing advanced applications which, in the long term, will go beyond active monitoring to safely initiate targeted control actions aimed at extending system power transfer limits with respect to both transient and long-term stability. In addition to the major improvement in inter-area mode damping shown previously by the authors, this paper demonstrates that, surprisingly, wide-area control of static VAr compensators (SVC) will also vastly extend the first-swing stability margins. Finally, initial results on a wide-area measurement-based secondary voltage control of the extensive park of dynamic shunt compensators in our grid using a single pilot voltage from the load center are very encouraging.

Wide-area monitoring and control at Hydro-Quebec: past, present and future

With power systems operating under tighter constraints, and closer to their actual operating limits, optimization of available margins becomes an increasingly critical concern, especially with regard to voltage stability and the management of static and dynamic reactive-power compensation systems. With this aim, Electricite de France has developed and experimented a new secondary voltage control system, capable of coordinating compensation systems on a large scale. This report presents the results of this new secondary voltage control system, which has been operating for more than two years in the west of France.

Secondary coordinated voltage control system: feedback of EDF

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Secondary coordinated voltage control system: feedback of EDF