A cross-sectional study was carried out from November 2008 - April 2009 to estimate the prevalence of mastitis caused by Staphylococcus aureus, to assess the associated risk factors and to determine the antimicrobial resistance pattern in Adama town, East Shoa, Ethiopia. From 102 markets oriented small holder dairy farms, a total of 300 lactating cows were tested for mastitis using the California Mastitis Test (CMT). One hundred and forty of the cows (46.7%) had mastitis, of which 10.0% (30/300) and 36.7% (110/300) showed clinical and sub clinical mastitis, respectively. The quarter level prevalence was 29.0% (348/1200); from which the clinical form was 5.4% (65/1200) and the subclinical was 25.6% (283/1200). Of the 65 quarters with clinical cases, 18 had blind teats while 47 had active mastitis. A total of 140 (30 from clinical and 110 from subclinical cases) milk samples were collected and cultured for S. aureus of which 59 resulted in growth of the bacterium (10 from clinical and 49 from subclinical cases). Mastitis prevalence showed significant variation among cows of different age groups (p = 0.005), different housing systems (p = 0.000) and at different lactation stages (p= 0.016). Thus, bovine mastitis was more likely to occur in cows above 6 years of age (OR = 3.4, 95% CI = 0.9, 13.7), that were kept in muddy houses (OR = 5.3, 95% CI = 3.2, 8.9) and were at a lactation stage of above 6 months (OR = 3.6, 95% CI = 1.44, 9.03). The results of antimicrobial susceptibility testing revealed that S. aureus was highly susceptible to chloramphenicol (100%) followed by gentamycin (91.7%), kanamycin (88.9%) and streptomycin (86.1%). In contrast, isolates were highly resistant to penicillin (94.4%), trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (58.3%) and amoxicillin (36.1%). In conclusion, this study confirms the importance of S. aureus as a mastitis causing bacterium and identifies risk factors associated with the disease in the Ethiopian setting.

	 

	Key words: Mastitis, prevalence, risk factors, Staphylococcus aureus, antimicrobial susceptibility test.

Isolation and identification of Staphylococcus aureus from bovine mastitic milk and their drug resistance patterns in Adama town, Ethiopia

Objective The aim of this study was to determine antimicrobial resistance profiles of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) isolates from clinical samples from patients hospitalized during 2015-2017 in hospitals of -Masovian district in Poland. Materials and methods Antimicrobial resistance of 112 MRSA isolates was tested with a disc diffusion method. Isolates were examined for methicillin resistance using a 30 µg cefoxitin disk. Resistance was confirmed by PCR detection of the mecA gene. PCR was also used to determine spa gene polymorphism in X-region. Results A large number of MRSA isolates showed resistance to levofloxacin (83.9%), ciprofloxacin (83%), erythromycin (77.7%) and clindamycin (72.3%). A lower number of MRSA isolates showed resistance to tetracycline (10.7%), amikacin (14.2%), gentamicin and trimethoprim with sulfamethoxazole (8.0%). None of the MRSA isolates were resistant to linezolid and teicoplanin. Among MRSA isolates, 92.9% were multidrug-resistant (MDR). Resistance to erythromycin, clindamycin, ciprofloxacin and levofloxacin was the most common resistance pattern among MDR MRSA isolates. The highest number of isolates was resistant to 4 groups of antimicrobials (53.8%). The number of drugs to which MRSA isolates were resistant in 2017 was significantly higher than that in 2016 (p = 0.002). The size polymorphism analysis of X fragment of the spa gene revealed high genetic diversity of the investigated group MRSA isolates. Conclusion This study demonstrates that in the hospital environment, MRSA isolates can quickly acquire new antimicrobial resistance determinants and that knowledge of current resistance patterns is important for the effective treatment of infections caused by MDR MRSA.

/pdf/antimicrobial-resistance-patterns-in-methicillin-resistant-16kaz6nmmq.pdf

Antimicrobial Resistance Patterns in Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus from Patients Hospitalized during 2015-2017 in Hospitals in Poland.

The purpose of the study was to determine the etiological mastitis agents in cows from herds located in the western part of Poland in years 2003-2005. Bacteriological examinations of 18,713 samples taken from California Mastitis Test (CMT) positive quarters were performed according to standard methods. Some Gram-negative bacilli and Gram-positive cocci were examined with the use of API tests (Analytical Profile Index). It was found that 32.7% of samples that were CMT positive were culture negative and 9.3% of samples were contaminated. Streptococcus species (15.7%), coagulase negative staphylococci (CNS) (14.6%), Staph. aureus (8.6%), Gram-negative bacilli (4.0%) and Corynebacterium species (3.8%) were most frequently isolated. Escherichia coli (52.3%) dominated among Gram-negative bacilli followed by Klebsiella pneumoniae (4.1%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (3.6%), Enterobacter cloacae (3.6%), Serratia marcescens (3.1%), Pasteurella multocida (3.1%), Acinetobacter lwofii (3.1%), and 26 other bacteria species. Stahylococcus xylosus (31.5%), Staph. hyicus (12.2%), Staph. haemolyticus (12.2%), Staph. sciuri (11.6%), Staph. chromogenes (8.8%), Staph. epidermidis (8.3%) and Staph. simulans (6.1%) were the most frequent CNS. Streptococcus uberis (50%), Str. dysgalactiae (19.7%), Str. acidominimus (6.6%) and Enterococcus faecalis (5.3%) were mostly found among CAMP-negative streptococci. An increase in frequency of mastitis caused by non-agalactiae streptococci, Staph. aureus, A. pyogenes and yeast-like fungi and a decrease in that produced by Str. agalactiae in 2005 as compared to years 2003 or 2004 were observed.

Etiological agents of dairy cows' mastitis in western part of Poland.

Classical enterotoxigenic characteristics of Staphylococcus aureus strains isolated from bovine subclinical mastitis in Van, Turkey.

Mastitis is the most common and economically significant disease affecting dairy cattle. A variety of bacteria can be isolated from bovine mastitis cases. and are the most common causes of contagious and environmental clinical mastitis, respectively. Antimicrobial therapy is commonly implemented for mastitis prevention and control. Unfortunately, despite the best possible antimicrobial treatments, failures of bacteriological cure are common, especially for mastitis and antimicrobial resistance (AMR) which is considered to be one of the reasons for low cure rates [1]. Additionally, AMR in bacteria is a public health hazard, and extensive use of antimicrobial is considered a potentially important driver of AMR. Several strains of from mastitis case have been reported to show resistance against multiple antimicrobials such as penicillin-G, gentamicin, streptomycin, ampicillin, ciprofloxacin, oxytetracycline [2]. Beta–lactam antibiotics are frequently used in mastitis therapy and the resistance is due to the production of beta-lactamases and low-affinity penicillin-binding protein, PBP2A [3].

/pdf/pattern-of-antibiotic-resistant-mastitis-in-dairy-cows-1rpxzi1zvv.pdf

Pattern of antibiotic resistant mastitis in dairy cows

The purpose of the study was to determine the in vitro susceptibility of Staphylococcus aureus and coagulase-negative staphylococci (CNS) strains isolated from clinical and subclinical cases of mastitis to antimicrobial drugs. Antimicrobial sensitivity was tested by the disk diffusion method and performed according to NCCLS guidelines in the Mueller-Hinton agar. Strains isolated from clinical mastitis did not differ in their sensitivity from that of strains isolated from subclinical mastitis cases. However, the strains were more resistant to penicillin, ampicillin, amoxicillin, cloxacillin, cefoperazone, tetracycline, lincomycin and neomycin than CNS strains, but their sensitivity to erythromycin, bacitracin and novobiocin was almost the same.

http://www.piwet.pulawy.pl/doc/biuletyn_46-2/malinowski_312.pdf

Antimicrobial susceptibility of staphylococci isolated from affected with mastitis cows

Forty milk samples from mastitic cows were examined bacteriologically and by PCR. Staphylococcus aureus strains were isolated from 29 samples, other bacteria from 5 samples and 6 samples were bacteriologically negative. Crude DNA from the isolated bacteria and from milk was extracted by rapid boilling and lysis with lysostaphin and proteinase K. The expected PCR product, amplicon of 270 bp was found in all S. aureus isolates and in 14, 18, 21, 13, 6 out of 29 S. aureus milk samples, depending on DNA template volume in the PCR mixture (0.25, 0.5, 1, 2, and 5 μl, respectively, in a final volume of 50 μl). Inhibitory effect of mastitic milk (1-5 μl of template) and inadequate amounts of microbial DNA (0.25 and 0.5 μl of template) were probably reasons of a low sensitivity of the PCR test. The sensitivity of the method can be increased by choice of suitable DNA extraction method and a DNA polymerase less sensitive to inhibitors.

http://www.piwet.pulawy.pl/doc/biuletyn_47-1/24-350_Kuzmak.pdf

Specific detection of staphylococcus aureus by pcr in intramammary infection

Variability among etiological agents of clinical mastitis in cows

One hundred and three isolates of Staphylococcus aureus from bovine mastitis were investigated by PCR for gene polymorphism in the X region of the protein A. On the basis of the size of corresponding PCR products (100-320 bp), 2-11 repeats were supposed to be present in the genes investigated. The isolates showed 8, 9, 10 and 11 repeats most frequently (20.39%, 15.53%, 14.56% and 16.50%, respectively). Seven or less repeats were found only in 33% of the isolates. Somatic cell count in milk samples from quarters infected with strains which harboured more than 7 repeats was significantly higher than from quarters infected with strains which harboured 7 or less repeats (6 244 ± 7 829 x 10 3 /ml vs. 2 803 ± 2 415 x 10 3 /ml).

http://www.piwet.pulawy.pl/doc/biuletyn_49-1/07_kuzma.pdf

Analysis of protein a gene polymorphism in staphylococcus aureus isolates from bovine mastitis

Enzymatic activity of yeast species isolated from bovine mastitis

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