Sea cucumbers, belonging to the class Holothuroidea, are marine invertebrates, habitually found in the benthic areas and deep seas across the world. They have high commercial value coupled with increasing global production and trade. Sea cucumbers, informally named as beche-de-mer, or gamat, have long been used for food and folk medicine in the communities of Asia and Middle East. Nutritionally, sea cucumbers have an impressive profile of valuable nutrients such as Vitamin A, Vitamin B1 (thiamine), Vitamin B2 (riboflavin), Vitamin B3 (niacin), and minerals, especially calcium, magnesium, iron and zinc. A number of unique biological and pharmacological activities including anti-angiogenic, anticancer, anticoagulant, anti-hypertension, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, antioxidant, antithrombotic, antitumor and wound healing have been ascribed to various species of sea cucumbers. Therapeutic properties and medicinal benefits of sea cucumbers can be linked to the presence of a wide array of bioactives especially triterpene glycosides (saponins), chondroitin sulfates, glycosaminoglycan (GAGs), sulfated polysaccharides, sterols (glycosides and sulfates), phenolics, cerberosides, lectins, peptides, glycoprotein, glycosphingolipids and essential fatty acids. This review is mainly designed to cover the high-value components and bioactives as well as the multiple biological and therapeutic properties of sea cucumbers with regard to exploring their potential uses for functional foods and nutraceuticals.

/pdf/high-value-components-and-bioactives-from-sea-cucumbers-for-292ie8nw2k.pdf

High-Value Components and Bioactives from Sea Cucumbers for Functional Foods—A Review

The antioxidant and antiproliferative activities of aqueous and organic extracts from three sea cucumber species Holothuria scabra, Holothuria leucospilota and Stichopus chloronotus were studied. The result showed that aqueous extract of H. leucospilota contains the highest level of total phenols (9.7 mg GAE/g), while the lowest level was obtained from organic extract of H. scabra (1.53 mg GAE/g). An aqueous extract of S. chloronotus was the most efficient extract in scavenging of DPPH free radical, giving IC50 = 2.13 mg/ml. The aqueous extracts (50mg/ml) of H. scabra, H. leucospilota and S. chloronotus exhibited high antioxidant activities (77.46%, 64.03% and 80.58%, respectively) against linoleic acid free radical. Only an aqueous extract of S. chloronotus inhibited growth of C33A (human cervical cancer) and A549 (human non-small lung carcinoma) cancer cells, giving IC50 equal to 10.0 µg/ml and 28.0 µg/ml, respectively. On the other hand, the dose dependent antiproliferative effects of all organic extracts studied were observed on C33A and A549 cancer cells. This study, therefore, revealed that all the three species of Malaysian sea cucumber are potential sources of natural antioxidant and anticancer agents.

In vitro antioxidant and antiproliferative activities of three Malaysian sea cucumber species

Message from the President MSA Calendar of Events Council Members MSA Appointed Officers MSA Sustaining Members Technologists' Forum Welcome MSA Awards

Microscopy Society of America

Sea cucumber (Cucumaria frondosa) is the most abundant and widely distributed species in the cold waters of North Atlantic Ocean. C. frondosa contains a wide range of bioactive compounds, mainly collagen, cerebrosides, glycosaminoglycan, chondroitin sulfate, saponins, phenols, and mucopolysaccharides, which demonstrate unique biological and pharmacological properties. In particular, the body wall of this marine invertebrate is the major edible part and contains most of the active constituents, mainly polysaccharides and collagen, which exhibit numerous biological activities, including anticancer, anti-hypertensive, anti-angiogenic, anti-inflammatory, antidiabetic, anti-coagulation, antimicrobial, antioxidation, and anti- osteoclastogenic properties. In particular, triterpene glycosides (frondoside A and other) are the most researched group of compounds due to their potential anticancer activity. This review summarizes the latest information on C. frondosa, mainly geographical distribution, landings specific to Canadian coastlines, processing, commercial products, trade market, bioactive compounds, and potential health benefits in the context of functional foods and nutraceuticals.

https://www.mdpi.com/1660-3397/18/5/274/pdf

Northern Sea Cucumber ( Cucumaria frondosa ): A Potential Candidate for Functional Food, Nutraceutical, and Pharmaceutical Sector.

When postmortem intervals (PMIs) increase such as with longer burial times, human remains suffer increasingly from the taphonomic effects of decomposition processes such as autolysis and putrefaction. In this study, various DNA analysis techniques and a messenger RNA (mRNA) profiling method were applied to examine for trends in nucleic acid degradation and the postmortem interval. The DNA analysis techniques include highly sensitive DNA quantitation (with and without degradation index), standard and low template STR profiling, insertion and null alleles (INNUL) of retrotransposable elements typing and mitochondrial DNA profiling. The used mRNA profiling system targets genes with tissue specific expression for seven human organs as reported by Lindenbergh et al. (Int J Legal Med 127:891-900, 27) and has been applied to forensic evidentiary traces but not to excavated tissues. The techniques were applied to a total of 81 brain, lung, liver, skeletal muscle, heart, kidney and skin samples obtained from 19 excavated graves with burial times ranging from 4 to 42 years. Results show that brain and heart are the organs in which both DNA and RNA remain remarkably stable, notwithstanding long PMIs. The other organ tissues either show poor overall profiling results or vary for DNA and RNA profiling success, with sometimes DNA and other times RNA profiling being more successful. No straightforward relations were observed between nucleic acid profiling results and the PMI. This study shows that not only DNA but also RNA molecules can be remarkably stable and used for profiling of long-buried human remains, which corroborate forensic applications. The insight that the brain and heart tissues tend to provide the best profiling results may change sampling policies in identification cases of degrading cadavers.

DNA and RNA profiling of excavated human remains with varying postmortem intervals.

Decomposition is degradation process of a corpse into basic respective constituents macroscopically and microscopically by action of microorganisms, arthropods and scavengers. Post mortem changes could be separated into early post mortem changes (i.e. algor mortis, rigor mortis and livor mortis) and putrefaction stages of corpse. These changes function as suitable indicators for determination of post mortem interval (PMI). In this paper, different stages of post mortem changes, possible variations such as mummification and formation of adipocere and special circumstances such as burial condition is discussed. This article also refers to several arguments in the different texture of adipocere and the influence of different types of fabric in affecting the post mortem changes and formation of adipocere. This is largely due to the property of permeability and resistance of material against degradation process. Undeniably, decomposition process involves numerous potential variables including burial condition, presence of clothing, potential formation of adipocere and mummification. Hence, studies in forensic taphonomy combined with real case scenario are crucial in understanding the nature of decomposition and estimation of PMI with higher accuracy.

Decomposition Process and Post Mortem Changes: Review

Extended abstract of a paper presented at Microscopy and Microanalysis 2007 in Ft. Lauderdale, Florida, USA, August 5 – August 9, 2007

Effect of Methanol Extracts from Sea Cucumbers Holothuria edulis and Stichopus chloronotus on Candida albicans

Applications of Focused Ion Beam (FIB) On Yeast Cell and SARS Virus

Antimicrobial efficacy against acanthamoeba isolates from clinical cases

The focused ion beam (FIB) is a relatively novel technique to biomedical electron microscopy as it open up new means for the observations and examinations of a wide range of biomedical and biological materials. The focused ion beam, or FIB tool has been utilized mainly in the fields of material sciences and industry. The (FIB) uses high-energy gallium ions to precisely and accurately section or mill samples. Lately FIB method have been used to prepare biological samples such as yeast cells and virus particles. Yeast cells Schwanniomyces occidentalis S. occidentalis were prepared by vacuum sucking them into cellulose tubing, plunge freezing them in liquid nitrogen, followed by chemical fixation in glutaraldehye and postfixed with osmium tetroxide, dehydrated in a series of ascending alcohol concentration up to absolute alcohol, then freeze dried overnight. In the case of SARS virus, the tissue culture containing virus particles was chemically fixed with glutaraldehyde, dehydrated in ascending order of alcohol concentrations and then freeze dried.

/pdf/applications-of-focused-ion-beam-fib-on-yeast-cell-sars-2bqrzk4wca.pdf

Applications of Focused Ion Beam (FIB) on Yeast Cell & SARS Virus

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