Plant roots nurture a tremendous diversity of microbes via exudation of photosynthetically fixed carbon sources. In turn, probiotic members of the root microbiome promote plant growth and protect the host plant against pathogens and pests. In the Arabidopsis thaliana-Pseudomonas simiae WCS417 model system the root-specific transcription factor MYB72 and the MYB72-controlled β-glucosidase BGLU42 emerged as important regulators of beneficial rhizobacteria-induced systemic resistance (ISR) and iron-uptake responses. MYB72 regulates the biosynthesis of iron-mobilizing fluorescent phenolic compounds, after which BGLU42 activity is required for their excretion into the rhizosphere. Metabolite fingerprinting revealed the antimicrobial coumarin scopoletin as a dominant metabolite that is produced in the roots and excreted into the rhizosphere in a MYB72- and BGLU42-dependent manner. Shotgun-metagenome sequencing of root-associated microbiota of Col-0, myb72, and the scopoletin biosynthesis mutant f6'h1 showed that scopoletin selectively impacts the assembly of the microbial community in the rhizosphere. We show that scopoletin selectively inhibits the soil-borne fungal pathogens Fusarium oxysporum and Verticillium dahliae, while the growth-promoting and ISR-inducing rhizobacteria P. simiae WCS417 and Pseudomonas capeferrum WCS358 are highly tolerant of the antimicrobial effect of scopoletin. Collectively, our results demonstrate a role for coumarins in microbiome assembly and point to a scenario in which plants and probiotic rhizobacteria join forces to trigger MYB72/BGLU42-dependent scopolin production and scopoletin excretion, resulting in improved niche establishment for the microbial partner and growth and immunity benefits for the host plant.

https://www.pnas.org/content/pnas/115/22/E5213.full.pdf

MYB72-dependent coumarin exudation shapes root microbiome assembly to promote plant health

Antibiotics are low-molecular-mass products of secondary metabolism, nonessential for the growth of producing organisms, but very important for human health. They have unusual structures and are most often formed during the late growth phase of the producing microorganisms. Their production arises from intracellular intermediates, which are condensed into more complex structures through defined biochemical pathways. Their synthesis can be influenced by manipulating the type and concentration of nutrients formulating the culture media. Among them, the effect of the carbon source has been the subject of continuous studies for both industry and research groups. Glucose and other carbohydrates have been reported to interfere with antibiotic synthesis and this effect depends on the rapid utilization of the preferred carbon source. Different mechanisms have been described in bacteria and fungi to explain the negative effects of carbon catabolites on antibiotic production. They show important differences depending on the microbe being considered. Their understanding and manipulation have been useful for both perfecting fermentation conditions to produce anti-infectives and for strain improvement. To improve the production of antibiotics, carbon source repression can be decreased or abolished by mutations resulting in antimetabolite resistance. Enzymes reported as regulated by the carbon source have been used as targets for strain improvement. During the last few years, important advances have been reported elucidating the essential aspects of carbon source regulation on antibiotic production at biochemical and molecular levels. The aim of this review is to describe these advances, giving special emphasis to those reported for the genus Streptomyces.

/pdf/carbon-source-regulation-of-antibiotic-production-228qr7jl56.pdf

Carbon source regulation of antibiotic production

Preface Contributors Chapter 1 Fungal Secondary Metabolites in the "OMICS" Era Susanne Zeilinger, Carlos Garcia-Estrada, and Juan-Francisco Martin Chapter 2 Key Players in the Regulation of Fungal Secondary Metabolism Benjamin P Knox and Nancy P Keller Chapter 3 Epigenetics of Fungal Secondary Metabolism Related Genes Ming-Yueh Wu and Jae-Hyuk Yu Chapter 4 Genome Mining for Fungal Secondary Metabolic Gene Clusters Grayson T Wawrzyn, Mark A Held, Sarah E Bloch, and Claudia Schmidt-Dannert Chapter 5 Metagenomics and Metatranscriptomics for the Exploration of Natural Products from Soil Fungi Irshad Ul Haq and Jan Dirk van Elsas Chapter 6 Metabolomics and Secondary Metabolite Profiling of Filamentous Fungi Bernhard Kluger, Sylvia Lehner, and Rainer Schuhmacher Chapter 7 Fungal Chemotaxonomy Jens C Frisvad Chapter 8 Endophytic Fungi as a Source of Novel Metabolites Fernanda O Chagas, Andres Mauricio Caraballo-Rodriguez, and Monica T Pupo Chapter 9 Fungal Secondary Metabolism in the Light of Animal-Fungus Interactions: From Mechanism to Ecological Function Marko Rohlfs Chapter 10 Fusarium Mycotoxins and Their Role in Plant-Pathogen Interactions Gerhard Adam, Gerlinde Wiesenberger, and Ulrich Guldener Chapter 11 Biosynthesis and Molecular Genetics of Peptaibiotics - Fungal Peptides Containing Alpha, Alpha - Dialkyl Amino Acids Xiao-Yan Song, Bin-Bin Xie, Xiu-Lan Chen, Yu-Zhong Zhang

Biosynthesis and molecular genetics of fungal secondary metabolites

Filamentous fungi, including the ascomycetes Monascus, Fusarium, Penicillium and Neurospora, are being explored as novel sources of natural pigments with biological functionality for food, feed and cosmetic applications. Such edible fungi can be used in biorefineries for the production of ethanol, animal feed and pigments from waste sources. The present review gathers insights on fungal pigment production covering biosynthetic pathways and stimulatory factors (oxidative stress, light, pH, nitrogen and carbon sources, temperature, co-factors, surfactants, oxygen, tricarboxylic acid intermediates and morphology) in addition to pigment extraction, analysis and identification methods. Pigmentation is commonly regarded as the output of secondary protective mechanisms against oxidative stress and light. Although several studies have examined pigmentation in Monascus spp., research gaps exist in the investigation of interactions among factors as well as process development on larger scales under submerged and solid-state fermentation. Currently, research on pigmentation in Neurospora spp. is at its infancy, but the increasing interest for biorefineries shows potential for booming research in this area.

/pdf/filamentous-ascomycetes-fungi-as-a-source-of-natural-omt3uk64mm.pdf

Filamentous ascomycetes fungi as a source of natural pigments

Classical and augmentative biological control against diseases and pests: critical status analysis and review of factors influencing their success

Aims: To isolate and identify antioomycete substances from Fusarium oxysporum EF119 against Phytophthora infestans and to investigate their antimicrobial activities against various plant pathogenic bacteria, oomycetes and true fungi.



Methods and Results:  Two antioomycete substances were isolated from liquid cultures of F. oxysporum EF119, which shows a potent disease control efficacy against tomato late blight caused by P. infestans. They were identified as bikaverin and fusaric acid by mass and nuclear magnetic resonance spectral analyses. They inhibited the mycelial growth of plant pathogenic oomycetes and fungi. Fusaric acid also effectively suppressed the cell growth of various plant pathogenic bacteria, but bikaverin was virtually inactive. Treatment with bikaverin at 300 μg ml−1 suppressed the development of tomato late blight by 71%. Fusaric acid provided effective control against tomato late blight and wheat leaf rust over 67% at concentrations more than 100 μg ml−1.



Conclusions:  Both bikaverin and fusaric acid showed in vitro and in vivo antioomycete activity against P. infestans.



Significance and Impact of the Study: Fusarium oxysporum EF119 producing both bikaverin and fusaric acid may be used as a biocontrol agent against tomato late blight caused by P. infestans.

https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/j.1365-2672.2007.03581.x

Bikaverin and fusaric acid from Fusarium oxysporum show antioomycete activity against Phytophthora infestans.

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Bikaverin and fusaric acid from Fusarium oxysporum show antioomycete activity against Phytophthora infestans.