Accumulating research suggests that the tumor immune microenvironment (TIME) plays an essential role in regulation of tumor growth and metastasis. The cellular and molecular nature of the TIME influences cancer progression and metastasis by altering the ratio of immune- suppressive versus cytotoxic responses in the vicinity of the tumor. Targeting or activating the TIME components show a promising therapeutic avenue to combat cancer. The success of immunotherapy is both astounding and unsatisfactory in the clinic. Advancements in RNA-based technology have improved understanding of the complexity and diversity of the TIME and its effects on therapy. TIME-related RNA or RNA regulators could be promising targets for anticancer immunotherapy. In this review, we discuss the available RNA-based cancer immunotherapies targeting the TIME. More importantly, we summarize the potential of various RNA-based therapeutics clinically available for cancer treatment. RNA-dependent targeting of the TIME, as monotherapy or combined with other evolving therapeutics, might be beneficial for cancer patients' treatment in the near future. 

/pdf/rna-mediated-immunotherapy-regulating-tumor-immune-3seuuhz7.pdf

RNA-mediated immunotherapy regulating tumor immune microenvironment: next wave of cancer therapeutics

/pdf/rna-mediated-immunotherapy-regulating-tumor-immune-ptogk68n.pdf

Gaucher disease (GD) is an inherited lysosomal storage disease caused by mutations in the glucocerebrosidase gene. The decrease of glucocerebrosidase activity in lysosomes results in the accumulation of its substrate glucocerebroside in the lysosomes of macrophages in organs such as the liver, spleen, bones, lungs, brain and eyes, and the formation of typical storage cells, namely “Gaucher cells”, leading to lesions in the affected tissues and organs. Hepatosplenomegaly, bone pain, cytopenia, neurological symptoms, and other systemic manifestations are common in clinical practice. Most pediatric patients have severe symptoms. Early diagnosis and treatment are crucial to improve the curative effect and prognosis. However, due to the low incidence of this disease, multi-system involvement in patients, and diverse clinical manifestations, multidisciplinary teamwork is needed for comprehensive evaluation, diagnosis and treatment. In this study, we reported 2 cases of different types of GD who were diagnosed, treated and followed up by multidisciplinary collaboration in infancy.

Case report: Multidisciplinary collaboration in diagnosis and treatment of child gaucher disease

1. INTRODUCTION With rapid developments in genetic engineering, tumor immunology, and cellular engineering, chimeric antigen receptor T cell (CAR-T) cell therapy has become a novel immunotherapy for oncology and other medical fields.1 The promising results of CD19 CAR-T treating B-cell malignancies were reported.2,3 Simultaneously, there existed many adverse events, the most reported of which including B-cell aplasia, hematological toxicity, cytokine release syndrome (CRS), and immune effector-cell–associated neurotoxicity syndrome (ICANS),3,4 but there is still lack of reports demonstrating the impact of CD19 CAR-T on the ABO blood group potency of patient’s serum. Blood transfusion plays an important role in treating diseases, especially in treating hematological diseases, and the accurate identification of ABO blood groups is a prerequisite for the safe blood transfusion. Meanwhile, the valid measurement of patient’s serum ABO blood group antibody potency is essential for the identification of the patient’s ABO blood group type. In this case report, we summarized the data of 10 patients receiving CD19 CAR-T cell immunotherapy in our hospital in recent years and had their potency measured after treatment, with a view to conducting a preliminary analysis of the impact of CD19 CAR-T cell therapy on the ABO blood group antibody potency in patients’ serum. 2. CASE REPORTS We enrolled 10 patients with hematological malignancy and receiving CD19 CAR-T in our hospital from November 2017 to January 2021 in this study, including 9 cases with acute lymphoblastic leukemia and 1 case of acute leukemia of ambiguous lineage. Six males and 4 females out of 10 patients, and median age was 36.5 years old (8–45 years). Four patients with blood type A, 3 patients with blood type B, and 3 patients with blood type O. All patients received lymphodepletion chemotherapy with FC protocol within 1 week before CD19 CAR-T infusion (intravenous fludarabine at 25–30 mg/m2 daily from day 4 to 2; and intravenous cyclophosphamide at 350 mg/m2 daily on day 4 and 2; and intravenous cytarabine at 100 mg/m2 per day from day 4 to 1). Eventually, 9 patients had their peripheral blood ABO antibody potency measured within 1 to 3 months after receiving CAR-T cells, and 1 patient had his peripheral blood ABO antibody potency measured within 6 months after receiving CAR-T cells (Table 1). Table 1 - Results of ABO blood group potency in peripheral blood of 10 patients. Patients no. Gender Age Disease ABO blood type ABO antibody potency Time of measuring Patient status at time of titer determination 1 Female 44 y ALL A -A: 0;-B: 2 1 mo and 24 d CR 2 Male 8 y ALL B -A: 4;-B: 0 1 mo and 16 d CR 3 Male 42 y ALL A -A: 0;-B: 4 1 mo and 3 d CRi 4 Female 38 y ALL B -A: 16;-B: 0 2 mo and 2 d CRi 5 Male 15 y ALAL O -A: 16;-B: 4 1 mo and 5 d CR 6 Male 19 y ALL O -A: 32;-B: 8 2 mo and 24 d CR 7 Female 45 y ALL A -A:0;-B:8 2 mo and 20 d relapse after remission 8 Female 40 y ALL A -A: 0;-B: 8 2 mo and 29 d CR 9 Male 34 y ALL B -A: 4;-B: 0 2 mo and 26 d CR 10 Male 35 y ALL O -A: 16;-B: 16 5 mo and 22 d Relapse after remission, followed by CD22 CAR-T cell infusion 4 mo later, relapse again after remission ALAL = acute leukemia of ambiguous lineage, ALL = acute lymphoblastic leukemia, CRi = complete remission with incomplete hematological recovery, CAR = chimeric antigen receptor, CR = complete remission. The anti-B potencies in the 4 patients’ serum with blood group “A” were 2, 4, 8, 8. The anti-A potencies in the 3 patients’ serum with blood group “B” were 4, 4, 16. The anti-A and anti-B potencies in the 3 patients’ serum with blood group “O were (A: 16, B: 4), (A: 32, B: 8) (A: 16, B: 16) (Table 1). However, both anti-A and anti-B potency were above 128 in the serum of normal humans.5 Consequently, lymphodepletion with FC regimen and infusion CD19 CAR-T may lead to a decrease of the anti-A and anti-B potencies in the serum of patients. The majority of ABO blood type antibody in serum was immunoglobulin M, and B lymphocyte plays a significant role in producing immunoglobulin. Hence, we hypothesized that the decline of ABO antibody potency in serum may relate to the decreasing of IgM and B-cell percentage. In our study, all 9 patients showed a decreasing trend, except for patient no. 6 who showed a decrease and then an increase in IgM (Fig. 1A). Meanwhile, all 9 patients showed a decreasing B lymphocyte percentage, except for patient no. 6 who showed a decreasing and then increasing B lymphocyte percentage (Fig. 1B).Figure 1.: Trends in IgM (A) and B lymphocytes (B) over the period from the infusion of anti-CD19 CAR-T cell therapy to the time of post-infusion ABO blood group antibody potency measurement. CAR-T = chimeric antigen receptor T cell.In previous studies, a correlation was found between the impact of CD19 CAR-T cell therapy and CD19-negative immune escape6. However, it is not clear if there is a correlation between antibody potency and the impact of CD19 CAR-T cell therapy. Furthermore, we analyze the association between clinical outcome and the ABO blood group antibodies potency. When measuring antibody potency, 6 patients achieved complete remission (CR), with 2 patients in CR with incomplete hematological recovery and 2 patients relapsing after remission (Table 1). However, in patients receiving CD19 CAR-T cells immunotherapy, there was no significant causal relationship between serum ABO blood group antibody potency and their clinical outcome Table 1 and Fig. 2.Figure 2.: Therapies (reinfusion CAR-T for “*” and HSCT for green and white intermixed colors) and clinical outcomes (complete remission and complete remission with incomplete hematological recovery for green; relapse for orange and death for red) are represented concerning time in months. CAR-T = chimeric antigen receptor T cell. HSCT = hematopoietic stem cell transplantation.3. DISCUSSION Blood transfusion is crucial in treating diseases, especially in treating hematological diseases, and the accurate identification of ABO blood groups is a primitive requirement for the safe blood transfusion, which is strongly associated with serum antibody potencies. In this case report, we found a decrease of ABO antibody potency in patients with malignant hematological disease who received CD19 CAR-T. The highest potency of antibody is 32 after receiving CD19 CAR-T in our patients. It has been demonstrated that ABO antibodies potency in children basically reaches adult levels by the age of 5 to 10 years, and even though it decreases with age, the median potency of antibodies in the serum of people in their 90s reaches 128.5 Interestingly, we also found a reduction trend in B lymphocyte and IgM. As we all know, one of the adverse events of CD19 CAR-T cell therapy is B-cell dysplasia,7,8 leading to hypoglobulinemia. After 1 week of CD19 CAR-T infusion, CD19-positive B cells were exhausted, and B-cell dysplasia may persisted for more than 1 month.9 Hence, B-cell dysplasia is likely to contribute the reduction of ABO blood group antibody potency. Second, the effect of accumulated immunosuppression following previous treatment like lymphodepletion before CAR-T infusion,10 and some specific previous underlying condition, such as patients suffering from B-ALL,10,11 may also contributed to the lymphopenia. After stimulated by blood type antigen, B cell is activated and differentiates into plasma cells to produce immunoglobulins (Ig) that bind specifically to the corresponding antigen and elicit an immune response, which is known as erythrocyte blood group antibodies. ABO blood group antibody consist of IgG, IgM or IgA, but IgM predominates. Hence, it is tentatively concluded that the reduced potency of ABO blood group antibodies in patients with malignant hematological diseases receiving CD19 CAR-T cells may be a result of various reasons, most likely due to a reduction in the number of B lymphocytes and IgM after CAR-T cell therapy, which may leading to a reduction in the serum ABO blood group antibodies potency. Furthermore, reduced blood group antibody potency can lead to difficulties in blood group identification, affecting blood transfusion safety. Firstly, the current international method of blood group identification is to combine the forward type and reverse type. In ABO blood grouping determination, the level of agglutination needs to reach 2+. When the antibody potency is low, the level of agglutination of reverse type may not reach 2+ or may even be negative, which may result in a discrepancy between forward type and reverse type and may make it difficult to identify the patient's blood group or may make an incorrect identification. Secondly, although most patients had confirmed ABO blood group before CAR-T treatment, when these patients return to other hospitals for pre-transfusion testing or when they come for further treatment after CAR-T treatment, there is a high risk that their blood type may not match the forward or reverse type, which may result in these patients not being able to receive a transfusion promptly. It is, therefore, essential to know these patients' medical and treatment histories. Even though, increasing the serum volume, absorption and dispersion tests and genetic sequencing can be effective to identification blood group accurately. The validity of these techniques for patients receiving CD19 CAR-T are not yet clear. In conclusion, CD19 CAR-T therapy can reduce the ABO blood group antibody potency by decreasing B lymphocytes and the amount of IgM immunoglobulin production. In contrast, in patients receiving CD19 CAR-T cells, there was no significant causal relationship between serum ABO blood group antibody potency and their clinical outcome. Further trials are warranted to better understand the mechanism of the reduction of ABO blood type antibodies to improve blood transfusion safety for patients receiving CD19 CAR-T. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This study was supported by grants from the CAMS Innovation Fund for Medical Sciences(Grant no. 2021-1-I2M-041) and Tianjin Municipal Science and Technology Commission Grant (Grant no. 20JCZDJC00120). 

Reduced ABO blood group antibody titers in patients after CD19 CAR-T cell therapy

With rapid developments in genetic engineering, tumor immunology, and cellular engineering, chimeric antigen receptor T cell (CAR-T) cell therapy has become a novel immunotherapy for oncology and other medical fields.1 The promising results of CD19 CAR-T treating B-cell malignancies were reported.2,3 Simultaneously, there existed many adverse events, the most reported of which including B-cell aplasia, hematological toxicity, cytokine release syndrome (CRS), and immune effector-cell–associated neurotoxicity syndrome (ICANS),3,4 but there is still lack of reports demonstrating the impact of CD19 CAR-T on the ABO blood group potency of patient’s serum. Blood transfusion plays an important role in treating diseases, especially in treating hematological diseases, and the accurate identification of ABO blood groups is a prerequisite for the safe blood transfusion. Meanwhile, the valid measurement of patient’s serum ABO blood group antibody potency is essential for the identification of the patient’s ABO blood group type. In this case report, we summarized the data of 10 patients receiving CD19 CAR-T cell immunotherapy in our hospital in recent years and had their potency measured after treatment, with a view to conducting a preliminary analysis of the impact of CD19 CAR-T cell therapy on the ABO blood group antibody potency in patients’ serum. 2. CASE REPORTS

https://doi.org/10.1097/bs9.0000000000000137

Objective: To investigate the living status and quality of life (QOL) in type1 Gaucher disease (GD1) patients who underwent long-term enzyme replacement therapy (ERT) and identify possible relevant factors affecting QOL. Methods: Clinical data and SF-36 questionnaires were recorded in 22 adult GD1 patients under regular ERT at Peking Union Medical Colleague Hospital (PUMCH) from January 1995 to June 2017. Results: 13 males and 9 females were included in this study. The current median age, age at diagnosis and initial time of ERT were 41 (24-52) , 6 (1-38) and 26 (6-41) years respectively. Of these patients, 68.2% was living in less-developed regions, 86.4% were under college education, and 77.3% had personal annual income less than ¥30 000 RMB. Though after a median 16 (7-22) years of ERT, the QOL of GD1 patients was still significantly worse (P<0.05) compared with normal Chinese population based on SF-36 questionnaires. History of splenectomy was a negative factor of QOL, mainly in physical health (P<0.05) . Patients could get benefit from early start of ERT in both physical and mental health (P<0.05) . Mental health was not affected by history of splenectomy and related bone diseases. Conclusion: Most adult GD1 patients at PUMCH reside in less-developed regions and have low levels of education and annual income. History of splenectomy and time to start ERT are two important factors affecting QOL. Chinese adult GD1 patients are associated with reduced QOL, even after long-term ERT.

[CD19 antigen loss after treatment of Bispecific T-cell Engager and effective response to salvage bispecific CAR-T therapy in B cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia: a case report and literature review].

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[CD19 antigen loss after treatment of Bispecific T-cell Engager and effective response to salvage bispecific CAR-T therapy in B cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia: a case report and literature review].