Foraging and mating behavior in apoidea

The dispersal of parasites is critical for epidemiology, and the interspecific vectoring of parasites when species share resources may play an underappreciated role in parasite dispersal. One of the best examples of such a situation is the shared use of flowers by pollinators, but the importance of flowers and interspecific vectoring in the dispersal of pollinator parasites is poorly understood and frequently overlooked. Here, we use an experimental approach to show that during even short foraging periods of 3 h, three bumblebee parasites and two honeybee parasites were dispersed effectively onto flowers by their hosts, and then vectored readily between flowers by non-host pollinator species. The results suggest that flowers are likely to be hotspots for the transmission of pollinator parasites and that considering potential vector, as well as host, species will be of general importance for understanding the distribution and transmission of parasites in the environment and between pollinators.

/pdf/parasites-in-bloom-flowers-aid-dispersal-and-transmission-of-4yeno9qzqt.pdf

Parasites in bloom: flowers aid dispersal and transmission of pollinator parasites within and between bee species.

Summary: The Palaearctic Bombus ruderatus (in 1982/1983) and Bombus terrestris (1998) have both been introduced into South America (Chile) for pollination purposes. We here report on the results of sampling campaigns in 2004, and 2010-2012 showing that both species have established and massively expanded their range. Bombus terrestris, in particular, has spread by some 200 km year-1 and had reached the Atlantic coast in Argentina by the end of 2011. Both species, and especially B. terrestris, are infected by protozoan parasites that seem to spread along with the imported hosts and spillover to native species. Genetic analyses by polymorphic microsatellite loci suggest that the host population of B. terrestris is genetically diverse, as expected from a large invading founder population, and structured through isolation by distance. Genetically, the populations of the trypanosomatid parasite, Crithidia bombi, sampled in 2004 are less diverse, and distinct from the ones sampled later. Current C. bombi populations are highly heterozygous and also structured through isolation by distance correlating with the genetic distances of B. terrestris, suggesting the latter's expansion to be a main structuring factor for the parasite. Remarkably, wherever B. terrestris spreads, the native Bombus dahlbomii disappears although the reasons remain unclear. Our ecological and genetic data suggest a major invasion event that is currently unfolding in southern South America with disastrous consequences for the native bumblebee species. © 2013 British Ecological Society.

/pdf/the-invasion-of-southern-south-america-by-imported-1xum3ctpxv.pdf

The invasion of southern South America by imported bumblebees and associated parasites

This paper questions whether bumblebees really forage as close to their nests as has commonly been assumed in the bumblebee literature Three experiments are described that involved marking and reobservation bumblebees None of these experiments showed any tendency for bumblebees to concentrate their foraging close to (eg, within 50 m from) the nest Rather, the results suggested that bumblebees may prefer to forage at some distance from their nest Further, a closer review of the bumblebee literature showed that similar findings were quite common Some possible explanations to the observed behavior patterns are given as outlines for further research

Do bumblebees (Hymenoptera: Apidae) really forage close to their nests?

http://www.sussex.ac.uk/lifesci/hugheslab/documents/goulson-hughes-15-review-mitigating-anthropogenic-spread-of-bee-disease.pdf

Mitigating the anthropogenic spread of bee parasites to protect wild pollinators

Mattesia bombi n. sp. (Neogregarinida: Ophrocystidae), a parasite of Bombus (Hymenoptera: Apidae)

An attraction to certain plant species by Bombus terricola , B . bimaculatus , B . perplexus , and B . ternarius was observed. The gathering of pollen was observed as a behavioural act distinct from nectar gathering. Pollen analyses indicated that pollen collectors restricted their activities to a small number of plant species. These bees’ life histories and flower preferences made them potentially effective pollinators of early-flowering economic crops, Ribes spp., and Pyrus Malus in particular, and of common weeds such as Solanum Dulcamara and Hypericum perforatum . The same reasons prevented them from being important in the pollination of Trifolium pratense and Medicago sativa .

https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/S0008347X00033149

Relationships between flowering plants and four species of bombus (hymenoptera: apidae) in southern ontario

Nosema blissi sp. n. (Microsporida: Nosematidae), a pathogen of the chinch bug, Blissus leucopterus hirtus (Hemiptera: Lygaeidae)

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Mattesia bombi n. sp. (Neogregarinida: Ophrocystidae), a parasite of Bombus (Hymenoptera: Apidae)

Relationships between flowering plants and four species of bombus (hymenoptera: apidae) in southern ontario

Nosema blissi sp. n. (Microsporida: Nosematidae), a pathogen of the chinch bug, Blissus leucopterus hirtus (Hemiptera: Lygaeidae)