At sea, the electrical power system of a ship can be considered as an islanded microgrid. When connected to shore power at berth, the same power system acts as a grid connected microgrid or an extension of the grid. Therefore, ship microgrids show some resemblance to terrestrial microgrids. Nevertheless, due to the presence of large dynamic loads, such as electric propulsion loads, keeping the voltage and frequency within a permissible range and ensuring the continuity of supply are more challenging in ship microgrids. Moreover, with the growing demand for emission reductions and fuel efficiency improvements, alternative energy sources and energy storage technologies are becoming popular in ship microgrids. In this context, the integration of multiple energy sources and storage systems in ship microgrids requires an efficient power management system (PMS). These challenging environments and trends demand advanced control and power management solutions that are customized for ship microgrids. This paper presents a review on recent developments of control technologies and power management strategies proposed for AC ship microgrids.

/pdf/ac-ship-microgrids-control-and-power-management-optimization-21ikqkc9u1.pdf

AC Ship Microgrids: Control and power management optimization

DC power systems can be made more reliable by using multiple buses for redundancy. Multiple buses provide multiple configuration options for supplying power to the load. Diode OR'ing with auctioneering diodes is perhaps the most common method to connect a load to multiple buses. Although the diode action is automatic and fault-tolerant, it results in ill-defined bus currents when the bus voltages are similar and the potential for uncontrolled switching in a faulted high-impedance system-operating scenarios not often included in a discussion on auctioneering diodes. Active switching and bus converters with auctioneering diodes are control techniques that overcome these limitations by providing full control over the bus selection process. Using local information in the form of the bus voltage, these techniques do not rely on a centralized controller, which improves system reliability. Dwell time is proposed as a technique to stabilize the state-dependent switching in the bus selector.

Bus Selection in Multibus DC Microgrids

Ship microgrids have recently received increased attention, mainly due to the extensive use of power electronically interfaced loads and sources. Characteristics of these microgrids are similar to islanded terrestrial microgrids, except the presence of highly dynamic large loads, such as propulsion loads. The presence of such loads and sources with power-electronic converter interfaces lead to severe power quality issues in ship microgrids. Generally, these issues can be classified as voltage variations, frequency variations and waveform distortions which are commonly referred to as harmonic distortions. Amongst the solutions identified, energy storage is considered to be the most promising technology for mitigating voltage and/or frequency deviations. Passive filtering is the commonly used technology for reducing harmonic distortions, which requires bulky capacitors and inductors. Active filtering is emerging as an alternative, which could be realised even within the same interfacing converter of the energy storage system. The aim of this paper is to investigate recent developments in these areas and provide readers with a critical review on power quality issues, energy storage technologies and strategies that could be used to improve the power quality in ship microgrids. Moreover, a brief introduction to ship power system architectures is also presented in the paper.

/pdf/review-of-ship-microgrids-system-architectures-storage-1kuhnri753.pdf

Review of Ship Microgrids: System Architectures, Storage Technologies and Power Quality Aspects

A flywheel energy storage system (FESS) for naval applications based around a high-speed surface mount permanent magnet synchronous machine (PMSM) is explored in this paper. A back-to-back converter controls the bi-directional flow of energy for charging and discharging the flywheel. At first, the impacts of power factor and armature reaction on the operation of the PMSM are discussed and then the developed control method is outlined. Finally, the operation of the FESS in the discharge mode with leading power factor and no armature reaction is explained. The overall system is simulated in PSIM package and the results are presented as a proof of what has been claimed.

Advanced high-speed flywheel energy storage systems for pulsed power applications

Medium Voltage DC (MVDC) architectures are identified from the literature search that are suitable for a highly survivable 20kVdc shipboard Integrated Power System (IPS). “Breaker-based” architectures enable fast fault isolation through the use of Solid State Protective Device (SSPD) technology. “Breaker-less” architectures require based generator power converter and Solid State Transformer (SST) interfaces that can fold back outputs and coordinate with no load switches to isolate faults. Estimated size/weights and survivability of various “breaker-based” and “breaker-less topologies are compared. “Breaker-Less”, Current Source Converter (CSC) based architectures have the highest power density but at the cost of lower survivability. Expanding the role of galvanically isolating converters within the system (i.e. SSTs) increases power density and survivability.

Fault tolerant shipboard MVDC architectures

Since military vessels must fulfill mission requirements after sustaining baffle damage, survivability of the electric power distribution system is one of the primary attributes. The US Navy has been conducting studies to replace the basic architecture being used since the introduction of electricity aboard ships. The prevalent practice is to install a radial 450 VAC distribution system with mission critical loads supplied form two geographically separated power sources. Electro-mechanical bus transfer switches are provided to switch between the normal and alternate power sources. This paper describes the selection and benefits of the future shipboard power system architecture.

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