The fungi comprise both members of the kingdom Fungi as we now recognize it (Ascomycota, Basidiomycota, Zygomycota, and Chytridiomycota) and fungal-like protists such as the Oomycota and the cellular and acellular slime molds (Myxomycota and Acrasiomycota). Treating this admittedly polyphyletic assemblage as a group is useful because these organisms often fill rather similar roles within ecosystems, and they have traditionally been studied almost exclusively by mycologists and plant pathologists. Throughout this review, Fungi will refer to the Kingdom, fungi to the organisms studied by mycologists. The fungi, as thus defined, are of great importance for the following reasons: (a) They are the primary decomposers in all terrestrial ecosystems; (b) they are important symbiotic associates of vascular plants both in mutualistic and parasitic relationships; (c) they constitute the overwhelming majority of plant pathogens and as such have a tremendous eco-

Fungal Molecular Systematics

Four pairs of primers were designed for PCR amplification of known polymorphic regions of the mitochondrial genome of Phytophthora infestans. Digestion of the amplified products with restriction enzymes allows identification of previously identified haplotypes. Product P2 cut with MspI uniquely identifies haplotypes Ib and IIa, while types Ia and IIb are differentiated by digestion of product P4 with EcoRI. Digestion of products P1 and P3 gave results similar to that with digestion of P4, but amplification of these products was less robust. Thus, all four common haplotypes are identified by amplifying and digesting products P2 and P4. Identification of haplotypes was also possible from DNA extracted directly from small, late-blight lesions on both tomato and potato leaves, making isolation of the fungus unnecessary. A rapid and efficient method of monitoring changes in the pathogen population is facilitated. These PCR primers were also useful for differentiating other Phytophthora species.

/pdf/polymorphisms-in-phytophthora-infestans-four-mitochondrial-3o0ioldhk3.pdf

Polymorphisms in Phytophthora infestans: Four Mitochondrial Haplotypes Are Detected after PCR Amplification of DNA from Pure Cultures or from Host Lesions

Suppressive effect of non-aerated compost teas on foliar fungal pathogens of tomato

Restriction fragment length polymorphisms of mitochondrial DNA of Phytophthora infestans

Species-specific banding patterns of restriction endonuclease-digested mitochondrial DNA from the genusPythium

Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) of Phytophthora infestans has been isolated and preliminarily characterized. It has a low GC content of about 22.4% which is distinctly different from that of nuclear DNA (51 %). This property has been used to separate both DNA species in the presence of 4′,6-diamidine-2-phenylindole (DAPI) in CsCl density gradients. The use of cetyl triammonium bromide (CTAB) for extraction of DNA significantly reduced its degradation. The base distribution of the mtDNA shows a limited intramolecular heterogeneity. The molecule contains 36.2 ± 0.3 kb as revealed by endonuclease digestion and seems to be circular as shown by restriction mapping. No differences were found in restriction patterns between mtDNAs from various pathotypes.

Isolation and characterization of mitochondrial DNA of the oomycetous fungus Phytophthora infestans.

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Isolation and characterization of mitochondrial DNA of the oomycetous fungus Phytophthora infestans.