Monitoring of verotoxigenic Escherichia coli (VTEC) and identification of human pathogenic VTEC types 1 Scientific Opinion of the Panel on Biological Hazards

Domestic reptiles as source of zoonotic bacteria: A mini review.

https://www.vetexotic.theclinics.com/article/S1094-9194(11)00077-6/pdf

Mycobacterial lesions in fish, amphibians, reptiles, rodents, lagomorphs, and ferrets with reference to animal models.

SUMMARY In the last years an ever-increasing importation of exotic animals destined to live under domestic conditions has been observed. Chelonians, terrestrial and aquatic turtles, are the most commonly present in domestic environment, even if saurians (lizards) and ophidians (snakes) are frequently kept in houses. Reptiles, that can be considered new pet animals, even if clinically healthy, often harbor opportunistic pathogens, which can become cause of serious infections under stress condition. Viral, protozoal, fungal and parasitic agents can infect the cold-blooded animals, but bacteria are the most common pathogens recovered from these animals and in most cases they can be transmitted to humans. Domestic reptiles represent an emerging problem for the public health. New reptile owners should be educated about a proper animal care in order to assure the pet health, to protect themselves from venomous or aggressive species, and to avoid the risk of infection. The main bacterial infections, transmitted from reptiles to humans, are reported, with particular attention to salmonellosis, mycobacteriosis, chlamydophilosis and Aeromonas and Pseudomonas infections. RIASSUNTO Negli ultimi anni si e assistito ad una notevole crescita del numero degli animali esotici destinati a vivere in ambiente domestico. I cheloni, tartarughe di terra e di acqua dolce, sono i piu numerosi, ma i sauri e i serpenti sono tenuti come animali domestici con sempre maggiore frequenza. I rettili, anche se clinicamente sani, spesso albergano microrganismi patogeni opportunisti che possono divenire causa di serie patologie durante periodi di stress. Gli animali a sangue freddo sono colpiti da virus, protozoi, funghi, parassiti, ma sono i batteri i microrganismi piu frequentemente isolati da soggetti con o senza patologie clinicamente manifeste. Molti di questi batteri sono in grado di causare infezione anche nell’uomo e per questo motivo i rettili domestici devono essere considerati un problema emergente per la sanita pubblica. I nuovi proprietari dovrebbero quindi essere opportunamente educati sui rischi che corrono tenendo i rettili nelle loro case, legati non solo a graffi e morsi talora velenosi, ma anche alle infezioni. Di seguito vengono trattate le principali zoonosi ad eziologia batterica trasmissibili dai rettili all’uomo, con particolare attenzione alle infezioni sostenute da salmonelle, micobatteri, clamidie, Aeromonas e Pseudomonas.

/pdf/bacterial-zoonoses-among-domestic-reptiles-2frdm96o2z.pdf

Bacterial zoonoses among domestic reptiles

An adult, captive eastern spiny softshell turtle (Apalone spinifera spinifera) was examined for a 4-day history of lethargy and plastron discoloration. The turtle was obtunded and had pale mucous membranes, hemorrhagic nasal discharge, and petechiae on all limbs. The turtle was euthanized due to its grave condition. Necropsy revealed hemorrhagic coelomic effusion, petechiae on the serosal surfaces of the intestinal tract, and bilaterally hemorrhagic lungs. Histologic examination revealed numerous emboli of bacteria associated with fibrinocellular thrombi throughout the blood vessels of multiple tissues. The bacteria in the thrombi were slender bacilli that stained intensely acid fast. Culture of the coelomic fluid yielded Mycobacterium chelonae. Although mycobacteriosis in reptiles is typically a chronic, granulomatous disease, this case demonstrates that mycobacteriosis should be considered in reptiles presenting with acute, nongranulomatous disease. This case also describes clinically apparent hemorrhage due to disseminated intravascular coagulation, which is rarely described in chelonians.

Sepsis and Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation in an Eastern Spiny Softshell Turtle (Apalone spinifera spinifera) with Acute Mycobacteriosis

MYCOBACTERIOSIS is the oldest known infectious disease of amphibians and reptiles, with a history dating back to the latter part of the 19th century (Brownstein 1984). Although mycobacterial infections are common in fish, amphibians and snakes, reported cases of mycobacteriosis in turtles are rare (Rhodin and Anver 1977). Several reports based on experimental evidence have proposed herpetofauna, particularly chelonians, as reservoirs for mycobacteria of public health significance (Rojas-Espinosa and others 1985). Mycobacterium kansasii, a member of the atypical group of mycobacteria, has been reported as occurring sporadically in several species (Wolinsky 1984). In human beings it can produce chronic pulmonary disease resembling tuberculosis, chronic cutaneous inflammation and osteoarthritis (Wolinsky 1984). M kansasii has also been described producing lesions resembling those of bovine tuberculosis in deer (Pattyn and others 1967), camels (Elmossalami and others 1971), llamas (Johnson and others 1993), cattle (Bastawrows and others 1995) and a goat (Acosta and others 1998). To the authors' knowledge, there are no confirmed reports of M kansasii infection in chelonians in the literature. This short communication reports the anatomopathological and microbiological findings in a case of fatal pulmonary and cutaneous M kansasii infection in a captive Chinese soft shell turtle (Pelodiscus sinensis). A 1-09 kg four-year-old male Chinese soft shell turtle, with a 189 mm straight carapace length, belonging to a private reptilian collection in the south of Gran Canaria, was submitted for postmortem examination to the Unit of Histology and Pathology, Veterinary Faculty, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria. The turtle had been bought from a pet store in Madrid 15 months previously, and housed alone in a 400 litre aquarium without a filter system but with the water circulation being renewed every 21 days. The water temperature was constantly maintained at 20°C. The turtle's diet consisted of raw beef and chicken, with supplements of fresh earthworms. It was treated annually with a single oral dose of 90 mg/kg fenbendazole which was repeated two weeks later. One year after its acquisition, several small (2 to 4 mm), white foci appeared on its carapace. The water was then treated with 20 per cent ammonia (0.5 ml/litre water) and the superficial lesions began to disappear. However, three months later the turtle refused food, showed respiratory distress and died. At postmortem examination, two 4 mm white, papular lesions were observed on the skin of the neck and on the carapace. Multiple discrete white nodules, 1 to 2 mm in diameter, were present in the pulmonary parenchyma (Fig 1), and

Mycobacterium kansasii infection in a Chinese soft shell turtle (Pelodiscus sinensis).

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Mycobacterium kansasii infection in a Chinese soft shell turtle (Pelodiscus sinensis).