The following thesis has three major purposes: (1) to explore the static liquefaction phenomenon in saturated sand as a relevant geotechnical hazard, (2) to show the conventional testing procedures for index characterisation and strength testing of saturated fine sands at low stress levels, and (3) to look into the fluidization mechanism and the ongoing research into its applications in saturated sand testing, done at Delft University of Technology. The exploring on static liquefaction was performed by a literature study, which allowed to relate the macroscopic scale of this hazard in underwater slopes with the common practices performed in laboratory conditions. The literature found shows that a change in the framework of understanding saturated sand behaviour, accounting for anisotropy, may occur within the next years. In addition, the literature supports that improvements on the liquefaction prediction can only be done via: improvements of: the theoretical framework in which the sand behaviour is studied, the constitutive and numerical models used for prediction of the liquefaction mechanism and the testing and the physical modelling methods allowing for both sand characterisation and the determination of the constitutive model parameters. Some tests performed to characterise a fine sand were selected to see how the method can affect the obtained results and how the conditions of the sample preparation and control can affect the liquefaction potential on a saturated sand sample. The results support that idea that the amount of fines on the sand, indicated generally by a sieving test, can affect the results of the index minimum and maximum void ratio, differentiating the properties of a sand with fines and a sand without fines. In addition, several variables such as the degree of saturation, confining stress levels and membrane penetration can contribute to the development of pore pressures and the development of liquefaction. The literature study reveals that fluidization has been used on research on granular soils sedimentation, documented in the work by Allen (1984), and is not as new in earth sciences as it was thought to be. Based on the undrained triaxial testing procedure suggested by Jager and Molenkamp (2015a), where fluidization will be used for sample preparation, some sand batches were prepared, in which layers were removed to characterise the final product. While the results on void ratio distribution along the depth of the column are not sufficient to draw further conclusions, it was found that the discharge rate can affect the porosity distribution during and after fluidization. The study not only showcases two techniques that can allow a quantitative assessment of fluidization mechanism, but also that inclusion of this method in loose sample preparation could bring improvements into granular soils characterisation.

/pdf/characterisation-of-saturated-loose-sand-samples-prepared-by-2wkdt1ulet.pdf

Characterisation of Saturated Loose Sand Samples prepared by Fluidization

Spatial variability of heterogeneous soils has been known widely. Eurocode 7 draws attention to spatial variability by suggesting reliability based characteristic values and statistical characterization of soil properties. This dissertation describes the statistical characterization of hydraulic sand fill in the Port of Rotterdam for the placement of LNG tanks, Gate terminal. The characterization uses the concept of the critical state approach, Casagrande (1936), based on the particular condition of the soil. In addition, the NorSand model (Jefferies, 1993) has been used to calibrate the sand used for the design of the fill using drained and undrained triaxial tests. The model involves calibration and interpretation stages, where the latter is done using Cone Penetration Test (CPT) from which a state parameter profile is generated.

/pdf/statistical-characterization-of-spatial-variability-for-a-pwj77igkhx.pdf

Statistical Characterization of Spatial Variability for a Hydraulic Fill Slope

A recently reclaimed site in the Port of Rotterdam will serve as location and foundation of an LNG terminal. LNG (Liquefied Natural Gas) is recognized as hazardous material and underlies strict safety requirements. As part of the safety assessment of the entire installation, a specific analysis had to be carried out concerning the geotechnical aspects. The paper describes the probabilistic approach that was chosen to verify the required level of safety of the hydraulic sand fill regarding (static) liquefaction, slope failure and breaching processes. Several reliability analyses using the respective physical process models were carried out and the results combined using a fault tree or scenario approach, leading to upper bounds of the failure probability.

/pdf/reliability-analysis-of-a-hydraulic-fill-with-respect-to-20esuqxfb1.pdf

Reliability analysis of a hydraulic fill with respect to liquefaction and breaching

This paper present several cases in the Port of Rotterdam where both in the design and construction phase several different did not marched as expected. These cases are interesting for both the design as well the construction phase of a project. People will make mistakes however the mistakes describes in this paper have to be judged in time as not always everything was understood during the design and construction and the people of that time still these huge structures.

/pdf/some-learning-cases-in-the-port-of-rotterdam-185smmsvws.pdf

Some learning cases in the Port of Rotterdam

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Reliability analysis of a hydraulic fill with respect to liquefaction and breaching

Some learning cases in the Port of Rotterdam