Four hundred twenty-six specimens representing 13 species of Anolis, A. auratus, A. biporcatus, A. capito, A. frenatus, A. humilis, A. limifrons, A. lionotus, A. pachypus, A. pentaprion, A. poecilopus, A. townsendi, A. tropidogaster, and A. woodi, from Central America were examined for metazoan endoparasites. Five species of Digenea (Brachycoelium salamandrae, Mesocoelium monas, Parallopharynx arctus, Parallopharynx gonzalezi, and Urotrema shirleyae), 2 species of Cestoda (Mathevotaenia panamaensis and tetrathyridia of Mesocestoides sp.), 18 species of Nematoda (mature individuals of Africana telfordi, Cosmocercoides variabilis, Cyrtosomum penneri, Entomelas duellmani, Falcaustra costaricae, Hedruris heyeri, Oswaldocruzia nicaraguensis, Oswaldofilaria brevicaudata, Parapharyngodon cubensis, Physaloptera retusa, Piratuba digiticauda, Rhabdias anolis, Rhabdias nicaraguensis, Skrjabinelazia galliardi, Skrjabinelazia intermedia, Spauligodon anolis, Strongyluris panamaensis, and ascaridid larvae), 3 s...

https://bioone.org/journals/comparative-parasitology/volume-79/issue-1/4530.1/Metazoan-Endoparasites-of-13-Species-of-Central-American-Anoles-Sauria/10.1654/4530.1.pdf

Metazoan Endoparasites of 13 Species of Central American Anoles (Sauria: Polychrotidae: Anolis) with a Review of the Helminth Communities of Caribbean, Mexican, North American, and South American Anoles

Host specificity is one of the potential factors affecting parasite diversification because gene flow may be facilitated or constrained by the number of host species that a parasite can exploit. We test this hypothesis using a costructure approach, comparing two sympatric pinworm parasites that differ in host specificity - Parapharyngodon cubensis and Spauligodon anolis - on the Puerto Rican Bank and St. Croix in the Caribbean. Spauligodon anolis specializes on Anolis lizards, whereas P. cubensis parasitizes Anolis lizards as well as many other species of lizards and snakes. We collected lizards from across the Puerto Rican Bank and St. Croix, sampled them for S. anolis and P. cubensis and generated nuclear and mitochondrial sequence data from the parasites. We used these data to show that P. cubensis is comprised of multiple cryptic species that exhibit limited population structure relative to S. anolis, which is consistent with our prediction based on their host specificity. We also provide evidence that the distribution of P. cubensis species is maintained by competitive exclusion, and in contrast to previous theoretical work, the parasites with the greatest number of host species also reach the highest prevalence rates. Overall, our results are consistent with the hypothesis that host specificity shapes parasite diversification, and suggest that even moderate differences in host specificity may contribute to substantial differences in diversification.

Host specificity shapes population structure of pinworm parasites in Caribbean reptiles.

Fourteen amphibians (7 species) and 37 reptiles (25 species) collected from 3 sites in the Pastaza Province of the Republic of Ecuador were examined for helminths. A total of 6 (42.7%) individual amphibians and 18 (48.6%) individual reptiles were infected. Five (71.4%) of the amphibian species (4 frogs, 1 toad) and 10 (40.0%) of the reptile species (4 lizards, 6 snakes) were found to harbor 1 species of helminth; 1 amphibian species (14.3%) and 5 reptile species (13.2%) harbored 2 species of helminths each. One species of cestode and 16 species of nematodes, together representing 11 families, were found in the herpetofauna surveyed. Twenty-five new host and 15 new geographic records are documented. When compared to other South American countries, the majority of parasites reported herein for Ecuador have been reported previously in herpetofauna from Brazil.

https://bioone.org/journals/comparative-parasitology/volume-77/issue-1/4402.1/Helminth-Parasites-of-Selected-Amphibians-and-Reptiles-from-the-Republic/10.1654/4402.1.pdf

Helminth Parasites of Selected Amphibians and Reptiles from the Republic of Ecuador

A total of 1240 specimens of seven species of geckos, Gehyra mutilata, Gehyra oceanica, Hemidactylus frenatus, Hemidactylus garnotii, Lepidodactylus lugubris, Lepidodactylus moestus and Lepidodactylus paurolepis, from Oceania were examined for helminths. Two species of Cestoda, Cylindrotaenia allisonae and Oochoristica javaensis, eight species of Nematoda, Hedruris hanleyae, Maxvachonia chabaudi, Parapharyngodon maplestoni, Pharyngodon lepidodactylus, Physalopteroides arnoensis, Skrjabinelazia machidai, Spauligodon gehyrae and Spauligodon hemidactylus and larvae of two nematode species, Ascarops sp. and Physaloptera sp. were found. The mean helminth species richness for infected geckos was 1.1 - 0.3 SD (range=1-3 species). Helminths reported in this study are generalists. Twenty new host records are reported.

Gastrointestinal helminths of seven gekkonid lizard species (Sauria: Gekkonidae) from Oceania

Four hundred and forty‐six individuals representing 11 species of Emoia (Scincidae), E. atrocostata, E. battersbyi, E. caeruleocauda, E. impar, E. jakati, E. kordoana, E. longicauda, E. obscura, E. pallidiceps, E. physicae and E. popei, collected in Papua New Guinea were examined for helminths. Two species of Cestoda (Adenobrechmos greeri, Cylindrotaenia hickmani); five species of Digenea (Mesocoelium monas, Paradistomoides gregarium, Saurokoilophilia kinsellai, Spelotrema brevicaeca, Zeylanurotrema sphenomorphi); 14 species of Nematoda, (gravid individuals of Abbreviata oligopapillata, Hedruris hanleyae, Kreisiella chrysocampa, Maxvachonia adamsoni, Meteterakis crombiei, Parapharyngodon maplestoni, Physaloperoides milnensis, Pseudoreticularia dipsarilis, Raillietnema nanus, Skrjabinodon sp. 1, Skrjabinodon sp. 2 and larvae (in cysts) of Abbreviata sp., Acuariidae gen. sp., and Riticulariidae gen. sp.) were found. The mean helminth species richness for infected skinks was 6.4±4.7 SD (range 1–14 species). ...

Gastrointestinal helminths of eleven species of Emoia (Squamata: Scincidae) from Papua New Guinea

Twelve species of anoles (Anolis aeneus, A. extremus, A. gingivinus, A. griseus, A. luciae, A. marmoratus, A. oculatus, A. richardi, A. roquet, A. sabanus, A. trinitatis, and A. wattsi) from the Lesser Antilles were examined for helminths. Twelve species of helminths were found: Mesocoelium monas, Oochoristica maccoyi, Oswaldocruzia marechali, Parapharyngodon cubensis, Spauligodon caymanensis, Trichospirura teixeirai, Abbreviata sp., Ascarops sp., Physaloptera sp., Physocephalus sp., Porrocaecum sp., and Centrorhynchus sp. Twenty-nine new host records are reported. The highest prevalence (75%) was P. cubensis in A. sabanus; greates t mean intensity (56.8) was S. caymanensis in A. marmoratus. The highest diversity of helminths was found in Anolis gingivinus, which harbored 9 species ; the lowest diversity occurred in A. trinitatis, which harbored 1 species . Islands with the greates t number s of helminth species are located in the northern Lesser Antilles.

Helminths of 12 species of Anolis lizards (Polychrotidae) from the Lesser Antilles, West Indies

The gastrointestinal tracts of 82 lizards comprising 2 gekkonids, Gehyra oceanica (N = 20) and Lepidodactylus lugubris (N = 31), and 2 scincids, Cryptoblepharus poecilopleurus (N = 4) and Emoia cyanura (N = 27), from Moorea, French Polynesia, were examined for helminths. One species of cestode, Cylindrotaenia decidua, 5 species of nematodes, Maxvachonia chabaudi, Pharyngodon oceanicus, Spauligodon gehyrae, Skrjabinoptera sp. (larvae), and an unidentified oxyurid were found. Eleven new host records and 1 new locality records are reported.

Gastrointestinal helminths of four lizard species from Moorea, French Polynesia.

Helminths of the lizard Anolis cristatellus (Polychrotidae) from the British Virgin Islands, west Indies

Nematodes of the great plains narrow-mouthed toad, Gastrophryne olivacea (Microhylidae), from southern Arizona

Helminths of the day geckos, Rhoptropus afer and Rhoptropus barnardi (Sauria: Gekkonidae), from Namibia, southwestern Africa

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