Microcapsules in the micrometer size range with walls of nanometer thickness are of both scientific and technological interest, since they can be employed as micro- and nano-containers. Liposomes represent one example, yet their general use is hampered due to limited stability and a low permeability for polar molecules. Microcapsules formed from polyelectrolytes offer some improvement, since they are permeable to small polar molecules and resistant to chemical and physical influences. Both types of closed films are, however, limited by their spherical shape which precludes producing capsules with anisotropic properties. Biological cells possess a wide variety of shapes and sizes, and, thus, using them as templates would allow the production of capsules with a wide range of morphologies. In the present study, human red blood cells (RBC) as well as Escherichia coli bacteria were used; these cells were fixed by glutardialdehyde prior to layer-by-layer (LbL) adsorption of polyelectrolytes. The growth of the l...

Biological cells as templates for hollow microcapsules

The consecutive layer-by-layer adsorption of poly(allylamine hydrochloride) (PAH) and poly(styrenesulfonate) (PSS) on colloidal charged latex particles is investigated by measuring the electrophoretic mobility as a function of pH and ionic strength over a broad range (electrophoretic fingerprinting) Meaningful interpretation of the data required the development of a nonlinear approach to hairy particle electrophoresis including dissociation, adsorption, and association Steric and electrostatic exclusion of mobile ions from the hairy layer has been considered Also, the surface conductivity correction is extended to the case of charged hairy layer particles We deposited up to three polyelectrolyte layers The following were found:  (i) Each layer deposition is accompanied by charge overcompensation and (ii) Not only the top layer but also the underneath layers and the naked latex particle surface contribute to the particle mobility This can be interpreted as an incomplete coverage or a polyelectrolyte 

Nonlinear Hairy Layer Theory of Electrophoretic Fingerprinting Applied to Consecutive Layer by Layer Polyelectrolyte Adsorption onto Charged Polystyrene Latex Particles

Permeation of Macromolecules into Polyelectrolyte Microcapsules

Low Frequency Electrorotation of Fixed Red Blood Cells

In order to describe the electrophoretic behavior of “hairy-layer”-coated particles, local charge density isotherms have been combined with considerations of hydrodynamic flow penetration into the layer. An iterative numerical procedure was employed to calculate the electrophoretic mobility as a function of both pH and salt concentration. A major result is that information can be gained regarding the distribution functions of oppositely charged groups from the behavior of the point of zero mobility as a function of pH and salt concentration. The theoretical results were used to reinterprete the electrophoretic behavior of native, neuraminidase-treated and glutaraldehyde-treated human erythrocytes. Theoretical analysis of the experimental data revealed that negative groups had occurred preferentially in the outer regions of the layer. A penetration depth of 1 nm into the 3.5 nm thick hairy layer successfully accounted for the erythrocyte mobility data for all methods of analysis tried. Upon sialic acid rem...

Hairy surface layer concept of electrophoresis combined with local fixed surface charge density isotherms : Application to human erythrocyte electrophoretic fingerprinting

An automated electrophoretic measuring system has been developed and applied to the multiparameter analysis of cells and other particles. The instrumentation is based on a real-time image processing system and includes a new tracking procedure. It allows measurements of the electrophoretic mobilities of cells and particles and calculates mean values, histograms and fingerprints (electrophoretic mobility as a function of the measured pH and decadic logarithm of the specific conduction pλ), Apart from the electrophoretic mobility the instrumentation measures size, density (sedimentation) and shape of every single cell. The final data are represented as histograms and 2D-/3D-plots or compared using statistical methods. The automated electrophoretic cell analyzer can be used for the characterization of complex processes on surfaces and the detection of small differences between cells and particles. This may contribute to a better understanding and controlling of processes at solid/liquid interfaces a...

An Electrophoretic Instrumentation for The Multi-Parameter Analysis of Cells and Particles

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An Electrophoretic Instrumentation for The Multi-Parameter Analysis of Cells and Particles