This paper presents a review of the experimental achievements related to the development of high-power gyrotron oscillators for long-pulse or CW operation and pulsed gyrotrons for many applications. In addition, this work gives a short overview on the present development status of frequency step-tunable and multi-frequency gyrotrons, coaxial-cavity multi-megawatt gyrotrons, gyrotrons for technological and spectroscopy applications, relativistic gyrotrons, large orbit gyrotrons (LOGs), quasi-optical gyrotrons, fast- and slow-wave cyclotron autoresonance masers (CARMs), gyroklystrons, gyro-TWT amplifiers, gyrotwystron amplifiers, gyro-BWOs, gyro-harmonic converters, gyro-peniotrons, magnicons, free electron masers (FEMs), and dielectric vacuum windows for such high-power mm-wave sources. Gyrotron oscillators (gyromonotrons) are mainly used as high-power millimeter wave sources for electron cyclotron resonance heating (ECRH), electron cyclotron current drive (ECCD), stability control, and diagnostics of magnetically confined plasmas for clean generation of energy by controlled thermonuclear fusion. The maximum pulse length of commercially available 140 GHz, megawatt-class gyrotrons employing synthetic diamond output windows is 30 min (CPI and European KIT-SPC-THALES collaboration). The world record parameters of the European tube are as follows: 0.92 MW output power at 30-min pulse duration, 97.5% Gaussian mode purity, and 44% efficiency, employing a single-stage depressed collector (SDC) for energy recovery. A maximum output power of 1.5 MW in 4.0-s pulses at 45% efficiency was generated with the QST-TOSHIBA (now CANON) 110-GHz gyrotron. The Japan 170-GHz ITER gyrotron achieved 1 MW, 800 s at 55% efficiency and holds the energy world record of 2.88 GJ (0.8 MW, 60 min) and the efficiency record of 57% for tubes with an output power of more than 0.5 MW. The Russian 170-GHz ITER gyrotron obtained 0.99 (1.2) MW with a pulse duration of 1000 (100) s and 53% efficiency. The prototype tube of the European 2-MW, 170-GHz coaxial-cavity gyrotron achieved in short pulses the record power of 2.2 MW at 48% efficiency and 96% Gaussian mode purity. Gyrotrons with pulsed magnet for various short-pulse applications deliver Pout = 210 kW with τ = 20 μs at frequencies up to 670 GHz (η ≅ 20%), Pout = 5.3 kW at 1 THz (η = 6.1%), and Pout = 0.5 kW at 1.3 THz (η = 0.6%). Gyrotron oscillators have also been successfully used in materials processing. Such technological applications require tubes with the following parameters: f > 24 GHz, Pout = 4–50 kW, CW, η > 30%. The CW powers produced by gyroklystrons and FEMs are 10 kW (94 GHz) and 36 W (15 GHz), respectively. The IR FEL at the Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility in the USA obtained a record average power of 14.2 kW at a wavelength of 1.6 μm. The THz FEL (NOVEL) at the Budker Institute of Nuclear Physics in Russia achieved a maximum average power of 0.5 kW at wavelengths 50–240 μm (6.00–1.25 THz).

/pdf/state-of-the-art-of-high-power-gyro-devices-and-free-5avfirj4z9.pdf

State-of-the-Art of High-Power Gyro-Devices and Free Electron Masers

This paper presents a review of the experimental achievements related to the development of high-power gyrotron oscillators for long-pulse or CW operation and pulsed gyrotrons for many applications. In addition, this work gives a short overview on the present development status of frequency step-tunable and multi-frequency gyrotrons, coaxial-cavity multi-megawatt gyrotrons, gyrotrons for technological and spectroscopy applications, relativistic gyrotrons, large orbit gyrotrons (LOGs), quasi-optical gyrotrons, fast- and slow-wave cyclotron autoresonance masers (CARMs), gyroklystrons, gyro-TWT amplifiers, gyrotwystron amplifiers, gyro-BWOs, gyro-harmonic converters, gyro-peniotrons, magnicons, free electron masers (FEMs), and dielectric vacuum windows for such high-power mm-wave sources. Gyrotron oscillators (gyromonotrons) are mainly used as high-power millimeter wave sources for electron cyclotron resonance heating (ECRH), electron cyclotron current drive (ECCD), stability control, and diagnostics of magnetically confined plasmas for clean generation of energy by controlled thermonuclear fusion. The maximum pulse length of commercially available 140 GHz, megawatt-class gyrotrons employing synthetic diamond output windows is 30 min (CPI and European KIT-SPC-THALES collaboration). The world record parameters of the European tube are as follows: 0.92 MW output power at 30-min pulse duration, 97.5% Gaussian mode purity, and 44% efficiency, employing a single-stage depressed collector (SDC) for energy recovery. A maximum output power of 1.5 MW in 4.0-s pulses at 45% efficiency was generated with the QST-TOSHIBA (now CANON) 110-GHz gyrotron. The Japan 170-GHz ITER gyrotron achieved 1 MW, 800 s at 55% efficiency and holds the energy world record of 2.88 GJ (0.8 MW, 60 min) and the efficiency record of 57% for tubes with an output power of more than 0.5 MW. The Russian 170-GHz ITER gyrotron obtained 0.99 (1.2) MW with a pulse duration of 1000 (100) s and 53% efficiency. The prototype tube of the European 2-MW, 170-GHz coaxial-cavity gyrotron achieved in short pulses the record power of 2.2 MW at 48% efficiency and 96% Gaussian mode purity. Gyrotrons with pulsed magnet for various short-pulse applications deliver P out  = 210 kW with τ  = 20 μs at frequencies up to 670 GHz ( η  ≅ 20%), P out  = 5.3 kW at 1 THz ( η  = 6.1%), and P out  = 0.5 kW at 1.3 THz ( η  = 0.6%). Gyrotron oscillators have also been successfully used in materials processing. Such technological applications require tubes with the following parameters: f   >  24 GHz, P out  = 4–50 kW, CW, η   >  30%. The CW powers produced by gyroklystrons and FEMs are 10 kW (94 GHz) and 36 W (15 GHz), respectively. The IR FEL at the Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility in the USA obtained a record average power of 14.2 kW at a wavelength of 1.6 μm. The THz FEL (NOVEL) at the Budker Institute of Nuclear Physics in Russia achieved a maximum average power of 0.5 kW at wavelengths 50–240 μm (6.00–1.25 THz).

/pdf/state-of-the-art-of-high-power-gyro-devices-and-free-3dd9d7und5.pdf

State-of-the-art of high power gyro-devices and free electron masers update 1995

This report gives an update of the worldwide experimental achievements in the development of long-pulse gyrotron oscillators for fusion plasma heating, plasma diagnostics and materials processing. In addition, this work gives a short overview of the present development status of coaxial-cavity multi-megawatt gyrotrons, gyrotrons for technological and spectroscopy applications, relativistic gyrotrons, quasi-optical gyrotrons, cyclotron autoresonance masers, gyro-amplifiers, gyro-BWO's, free electron masers and of vacuum windows for such high-power mm-wave sources.

/pdf/state-of-the-art-of-high-power-gyro-devices-and-free-1mmeiw5vph.pdf

State-of-the-Art of High Power Gyro-Devices and Free Electron Masers. Update 2011. (KIT Scientific Reports ; 7606)

Dieser Bericht geht auf den experimentellen Stand von Hochleistungs-Gyrotron-Rohren fur verschiedene Anwendungen ein. Auserdem wird uber frequenzdurchstimmbare Gyrotrons, Multi-MW-Gyrotrons mit koaxialem Resonator, Gyrotrons fur technologische und spektroskopische Anwendungen, relativistische Gyrotrons, Zyklotron-Autoresonanz-Maser, Gyroklystrons, Gyro-TWT-und Gyrotwystron-Verstarker, Gyro-RWO, Gyro-Harmonische-Konvertoren Gyro-Peniotrons, Magnicons, und Frei-Elektronen-Maser berichtet.

/pdf/state-of-the-art-of-high-power-gyro-devices-and-free-wis23tsqld.pdf

State-of-the-Art of High Power Gyro-Devices and Free Electron Masers. Update 2015 (KIT Scientific Reports ; 7717)

Das Institut fur Hochleistungsimpuls- und Mikrowellentechnik (IHM) arbeitet auf dem Gebiet der Hochleistungsimpuls- und Hochleistungsmikrowellentechnologie. Sowohl die Forschung und Entwicklung von Hochleistungsquellen als auch die damit verbundenen Anwendungen stehen im Fokus.

/pdf/annual-report-2016-institute-for-pulsed-power-and-microwave-124lskrdb0.pdf

Annual Report 2016 / Institute for Pulsed Power and Microwave Technology / Institut für Hochleistungsimpuls- und Mikrowellentechnik. (KIT Scientific Reports ; 7745)

Recent progress on the 1 MW, 140 GHz, CW series gyrotrons for W7-X.

Electron Cyclotron Resonance Heating (ECRH) is the main heating method for the Wendelstein 7-X Stellarator (W7-X), which is under construction at IPP- Greifswald. A 10 MW ECRH plant with CW-capability at 140 GHz is under construction to meet the scientific objectives. The microwave power is generated by 10 gyrotrons with 1 MW each. Three gyrotrons are already operational at IPP in Greifswald. The W7-X gyrotrons are designed for single frequency operation at 140 GHz. The operation regime of the W7-X stellarator experiments is restricted to magnetic fields matched to the ECRH-frequency and it would be interesting to extend the operation regime to a second resonant magnetic field. Therefore gyrotron operation at a second frequency was investigated. The standard vertical collector sweep systems of gyrotrons inherently display a pronounced peaking of the collector heat loading. An improved collector sweep system was successfully tested on the TED gyrotrons, which creates an almost homogenous heat loading. This system is of particular interest for next generation gyrotrons with an output power up to 2 MW.

Extended operation of the 1 MW, CW gyrotrons for W7-X

Advanced gyrotron collector sweeping with smooth power distribution

Status of the Wendelstein 7-X project and the ECRH-system

Manfred THUMM1,2), Peter BRAND4), Harald BRAUNE3), Gunter DAMMERTZ1), Volker ERCKMANN3), Gerd GANTENBEIN1), Stefan ILLY1), Walter KASPAREK4), Stefan KERN1), Heinrich P. LAQUA3), Carsten LECHTE4), Wolfgang LEONHARDT1), Nikolai B. MARUSHCHENKO3), Georg MICHEL3), Bernhard PIOSCZYK1), Martin SCHMID1), Yuri TURKIN3) and Michael WEISSGERBER3) 1)Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe, Association EURATOM-FZK, Institut fur Hochleistungsimpulsund Mikrowellentechnik (IHM), D-76021 Karlsruhe, Germany 2)Universitat Karlsruhe, Institut fur Hochfrequenztechnik und Elektronik (IHE), D-76131 Karlsruhe, Germany 3)Max-Planck-Institut fur Plasmaphysik (IPP), EURATOM Association, Teilinstitut Greifswald D-17491 Greifswald, Germany 4)Universitat Stuttgart, Institut fur Plasmaforschung (IPF), D-70569 Stuttgart, Germany (Received 9 January 2009 / Accepted 11 May 2009)

/pdf/status-and-high-power-performance-of-the-10-mw-140-ghz-ech-15zdounkhg.pdf

Status and high power performance of the 10-MW 140-GHz ECH system for the stellarator W7-X

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