Experimental investigation of a data-centre cooling system using a new single-phase immersion/liquid technique

Particle flow regime in a swirling pneumatic conveying system

Numerical simulations were performed with the open-source CFD software OpenFOAM to investigate the ability of several configurations of short-length twisted tube geometries with non-circular cross section connected to tubes with circular cross section to induce a swirling flow. The heat transfer and the pressure drop linked to the generated swirling flow are also calculated. The swirling flow is modeled using a k-ω SST turbulence model with a low-Reynolds approach. It is shown that a short-length twisted tube with an elliptical cross section (STE) is able to generate a swirling flow, but its intensity greatly depends on its twist pitch and its aspect ratio. The lower the aspect ratio, the higher the swirl intensity. For a Reynolds number ranging from 10,000 to 100,000, the results reveal that compared to a plain tube, the STE with the lowest aspect ratio achieves enhancing the heat transfer from 22 to 90% at the cost of an increased pressure drop of, respectively, 63 and 129%. The second part of the study is focused on a short-length twisted tube with a three-lobed cross section, and the results reveal that the generated swirling flow is even more intense than with the STE and that the heat transfer enhancement goes from 30 to 105% at the cost of an increased pressure drop from 137 to 180%.

Numerical investigation of several twisted tubes with non-conventional tube cross sections on heat transfer and pressure drop

Owing to the dramatic increase in IT power density and energy consumption, the data center (DC) sector has started adopting thermally- and energy-efficient liquid cooling methods. This study examines a single-phase direct-to-chip liquid cooling approach for three high-heat-density racks, utilizing two liquid-to-air (L2A) cooled coolant distribution units (CDUs) and a combined total heat load of 128 kW. An experimental setup was developed to test different types of CDUs, cooling loops, and thermal testing vehicles (TTVs) for different operating conditions. IR images and the collected data were used to investigate the effect of air recirculation between cold and hot aisle containments on the CDU's performance and stability of supply air temperature (SAT). Three different types of cooling loops (X, Y, and Z) were characterized thermally and hydraulically. Results show that Type Y has the lowest cold plate thermal resistance and pressure drop, among others. In a later test that included a single rack at a heat load of 53 kW and a single CDU, the heat capture ratio for fluid was found to be 94%. Experiments show that using blanking panels on the back of the racks limits hot air recirculation and maintains a steady SAT in the cold aisle. Finally, the CDU performance was evaluated at a high heat load for the three racks at 128 kW, and the average cooling capacity of the units is 58.6 kW, and the effectiveness values for CDU 1 and CDU 2 are 0.83 and 0.82, respectively. 

Experimental evaluation of direct-to-chip cold plate liquid cooling for high-heat-density data centers

Innovative approaches for deep decarbonization of data centers and building space heating networks: Modeling and comparison of novel waste heat recovery systems for liquid cooling systems

http://manuscript.elsevier.com/S1359431122006779/pdf/S1359431122006779.pdf

Performance analysis of new liquid cooling topology and its impact on data centres

Experimental investigation of an autonomous liquid-cooled uninterruptible power supply (UPS)

Fundamental mode of freely decaying laminar swirling flows

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Performance analysis of new liquid cooling topology and its impact on data centres

Experimental investigation of an autonomous liquid-cooled uninterruptible power supply (UPS)

Fundamental mode of freely decaying laminar swirling flows