The invasion of Amynthas species complex of earthworms from Asia into North American hardwood forests poses a novel threat to these ecosystems. These species can competitively exclude previously-established earthworms, have novel effects on microbial communities, and influence the structural and chemical composition of soils differently than other earthworm species. However, because prior research has found that earthworm species is an important factor for microbial community composition, Amynthas species may also uniquely affect soil microbial community composition. To address this, we took earthworm and soil samples from 0.5-m quadrats along an active invasion front of Amynthas agrestis and A. tokioensis at the University of Wisconsin-Madison Arboretum. We tested all soil samples for basal metabolic rates, total carbon, and total nitrogen. We also extracted microbial DNA from cast samples, dissected worm guts, and soil samples, and we used high-throughput DNA sequencing to characterize Amynthas species-specific differences in bacterial and fungal community composition. We found that plots that had been occupied by Amynthas for longer than a year had higher total nitrogen, lower C/N, and different communities of soil bacteria and fungi when compared to newly-invaded plots. We also found that Amynthas had species-specific differences in bacterial communities adhered to worm guts and in worm casts. These results suggest that Amynthas species introduce novel assemblages of bacteria and fungi through their casts, and these differences are associated with the species-specific community composition of earthworm guts. These results also suggest that Amynthas species are likely affecting the soil microbial community during invasion.

Influence of invasive earthworms (Amynthas spp.) on Wisconsin forest soil microbial communities and soil chemistry

Field research was carried out in a sub humid climate at the Uludag University, Bursa, Turkey. Using the yield data obtained from the field research for 2011 and 2012, a partial economic analysis was conducted for watermelon (Citrullus vulgaris, var. Crimson Sweet) at four drip irrigation treatments of full irrigation [FI, 100% evapotranspiration (ETc)] and deficit irrigation (DI) [75% FI, 50% FI and 25% FI] and then compared to both physical and economic water use efficiency (WUE). Total costs and net incomes differed among irrigation strategies. Marketable yield (MY) and net income to land decreased with decreases in the amount of irrigation. The highest MY and net income to land were obtained with the full irrigation treatment. The results showed that full irrigation is recommended under non-water-limiting environments for higher yield and net income. The highest net income to water, physical WUE and economic WUE values were resulted from the 75% FI. With consideration to net income and water use efficiency, deficit irrigation management strategy of 75% FI under water-limiting conditions can be preferable, because it achieved irrigation water savings of 25%, an increase of 9% in crop water use efficiency and an acceptable net income with a yield loss of only approximately 8% compared with full irrigation.

/pdf/economic-return-versus-crop-water-productivity-of-watermelon-2wfcahjbsm.pdf

Economic Return versus Crop Water Productivity of Watermelon under Full and Deficit Irrigation Conditions

Invasive earthworms Amynthas tokioensis and Amynthas agrestis alter macronutrients (Ca, Mg, K, P) in field and laboratory forest soils

The introduction of invasive earthworms initiates physical and chemical alterations in previously earthworm-free forest soils, which triggers an ecological cascade. The most apparent step is the shift in the herbaceous plant community composition. However, some species, such as Arisaema triphyllum (jack-in-the-pulpit), persist where earthworms are present. It has been hypothesized that A. triphyllum produces insoluble oxalate, an herbivory deterrent, in the presence of earthworms. This study aimed to distinguish between the effects of earthworm-induced changes in soils and the physical presence of earthworms on oxalate production. As such, a two-way factorial greenhouse trial was conducted using uninvaded soils to test this hypothesis for two invasive earthworm species (Amynthas agrestis and Lumbricus rubellus). The sequential extraction of oxalates in A. triphyllum corms was performed with absolute ethanol, deionized water, acetic acid and HCl, representing fractions of decreasing solubility. Earthworm presence increased water-soluble (p = 0.002) and total oxalate (p = 0.022) significantly, but only marginally significantly for HCl-soluble oxalate (p = 0.065). The corms of plants grown in soils previously exposed to the two species did not differ in oxalate production when earthworms were not present. However, the data suggest that earthworms affect corm oxalate concentrations and that the sequence of invasion matters for oxalate production by A. triphyllum. 

/pdf/do-the-invasive-earthworms-amynthas-agrestis-oligochaeta-3n3qgx2e.pdf

Do the Invasive Earthworms Amynthas agrestis (Oligochaeta: Megascolecidae) and Lumbricus rubellus (Oligochaeta: Lumbricidae) Stimulate Oxalate-Based Browser Defenses in Jack-in-the-Pulpit (Arisaema triphyllum) by Their Presence or Their Soil Biogeochemical Activity?

https://pse.agriculturejournals.cz/doi/10.17221/461/2022-PSE.pdf

Chemical composition of earthworm casts as a tool in understanding the earthworm contribution to ecosystem sustainability - a review

Invasive earthworms can increase both pH and the nitrate concentrations in northern hardwood forests while nitrification is an acidification source. To obtain the nitrogen deposition impact, the so...

Effect of Lumbricus Rubellus and Amynthas Agrestis Earthworms on Soil Biogeochemistry at the Aggregate Scale in Northern Hardwood Forests

Current study aims to summarize the nitrogen transformations occurring within forest soils by microorganisms in a worldwide extent. The stated basic transformation mechanisms are; nitrogen fixation, decomposition, ammonification, nitrification, denitrification and immobilization phenomenon. Agent's being whether autotrophic or heterotrophic affects the net – gross rates of mineralised nitrogen transformation. Correspondingly, leaching or remaining ammonium and nitrate amounts in the system varies. At this study; microorganism relations involving forest floor decomposition, net – gross nitrogen mineralization, ammonification, nitrification amounts, nitrogen transformation rates were investigated. With this intention, as much as recent aspects and ideas were tried to be presented. 

Keywords: Nitrogen, Microorganism, Net–gross Mineralization, Nitrification, Denitrification, Ammonification

Nitrogen transformations within forest soils by microorganisms

This study was conducted at pure Anatolian black pine ( Pinus nigra Arnold subsp. pallasiana (Lamb.) Holmboe) forests of Alacam Mountains (Balikesir-Kutahya) in order to investigate the lichen species on black pine. 471 trees from 95 sample plots were sampled and a total of 37 epiphytic lichen taxa were recorded on barks. 15 taxa are new records for the province of Balikesir and 19 taxa for the province of Kutahya. Keywords: Lichen, epiphytic, black pine, Balikesir, Turkey.

/pdf/alacam-daglari-karacam-ormanlarinin-epifitik-likenleri-1prvt4opau.pdf

Alaçam Dağları Karaçam Ormanlarının Epifitik Likenleri (Balıkesir - Kütahya)

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Effect of Lumbricus Rubellus and Amynthas Agrestis Earthworms on Soil Biogeochemistry at the Aggregate Scale in Northern Hardwood Forests

Nitrogen transformations within forest soils by microorganisms

Alaçam Dağları Karaçam Ormanlarının Epifitik Likenleri (Balıkesir - Kütahya)