Toxicity with heavy metals has proven to be a significant hazard with several health problems linked to it. Heavy metals bioaccumulate in living organisms, pollute the food chain, and possibly threaten the health of animals. Many industries, fertilizers, traffic, automobile, paint, groundwater, and animal feed are sources of contamination of heavy metals. Few metals, such as aluminum (Al), may be eliminated by the elimination processes, but other metals like lead (Pb), arsenic (As), and cadmium (Ca) accumulate in the body and food chain, leading to chronic toxicity in animals. Even if these metals have no biological purpose, their toxic effects are still present in some form that is damaging to the animal body and its appropriate functioning. Cadmium (Cd) and Pb have negative impacts on a number of physiological and biochemical processes when exposed to sub-lethal doses. The nephrotoxic effects of Pb, As, and Cd are well known, and high amounts of naturally occurring environmental metals as well as occupational populations with high exposures have an adverse relationship between kidney damage and toxic metal exposure. Metal toxicity is determined by the absorbed dosage, the route of exposure, and the duration of exposure, whether acute or chronic. This can lead to numerous disorders and can also result in excessive damage due to oxidative stress generated by free radical production. Heavy metals concentration can be decreased through various procedures including bioremediation, pyrolysis, phytoremediation, rhizofiltration, biochar, and thermal process. This review discusses few heavy metals, their toxicity mechanisms, and their health impacts on cattle with special emphasis on the kidneys.

A review of important heavy metals toxicity with special emphasis on nephrotoxicity and its management in cattle

Heavy metals, common environmental pollutants with widespread distribution hazards and several health problems linked to them are distinguished from other toxic compounds by their bioaccumulation in living organisms. They pollute the food chain and threaten the health of animals. Biologically, heavy metals exhibit both beneficial and harmful effects. Certain essential heavy metals such as Co, Mn, Se, Zn, and Mg play crucial roles in vital physiological processes in trace amounts, while others like As, Pb, Hg, Cd, and Cu are widely recognized for their toxic properties. Regardless of their physiological functions, an excess intake of all heavy metals beyond the tolerance limit can lead to toxicity. Animals face exposure to heavy metals through contaminated feed and water, primarily as a result of anthropogenic environmental pollution. After ingestion heavy metals persist in the body for an extended duration and the nature of exposure dictates whether they induce acute or chronic, clinical or subclinical, or subtle toxicities. The toxic effects of metals lead to disruption of cellular homeostasis through the generation of free radicals that develop oxidative stress. In cases of acute heavy metal poisoning, characteristic clinical symptoms may arise, potentially culminating in the death of animals with corresponding necropsy findings. Chronic toxicities manifest as a decline in overall body condition scoring and a decrease in the production potential of animals. Elevated heavy metal levels in consumable animal products raise public health concerns. Timely diagnosis, targeted antidotes, and management strategies can significantly mitigate heavy metal impact on livestock health, productivity, and reproductive performance.

Emerging insights into the impacts of heavy metals exposure on health, reproductive and productive performance of livestock

Plants response to temperature is an important issue In order to determine cardinal temperatures and its related germination responses to temperature three varieties seeds of milk thistle Shomal Mollasani and Majarestan were exposed to six constant temperatures and deg C in a four replicated factorial arranged completely randomized design Results indicated that the temperature and variety had a significant effect on the maximum germination percentage MGR germination uniformity GU germination rate reciprocal time to germination and time to and germination but the interacted effect of temperature and variety was not significant Assessment of three non linear regression models including segmented dent like and beta models revealed that the beta model was an appropriate model for all varieties Base and ceiling temperatures for all three varieties were estimated at near to and deg C respectively Optimum temperature for Shomal Mollasani and Majarestan varieties was estimated as and deg C respectively Biological time for germination for Shomal Mollasani and Majarestan varieties also was estimated at and hours correspondingly It was concluded that these model can be used to quantify response of milk thistle germination to temperature and to obtain cardinal temperature of germination These parameters are required to predict milk thistle germination and emergence

https://medcraveonline.com/APAR/APAR-01-00027.pdf

Determination of Cardinal Temperatures of Milk Thistle (Silybum marianum L.) Germination

A new thioglycolic ester β-cyclodextrin/PdCl2 in water: An accessible catalyst for the Suzuki-Miyaura coupling reaction.

In recent years, fossil fuels have caused serious environmental pollution and will eventually be exhausted. The development of sustainable environmentally friendly fuels is an inevitable choice to ensure the sustainable development of society. As an extensive natural resources on the earth, biomass is the organic energy pool of solar energy, which can be changed over into various biofuels through various pathways, for example, biodiesel, biohydrogen, and bioethanol. To improve the yield and reduce its consumption, catalysts play a crucial role in the conversion process. However, traditional catalysts have various disadvantages. To solve this problem, the development of nanoscience and technology has widely penetrated the field of catalytic research, specifically, nano-catalysts. Nano-catalysts have unique nanostructures and properties that ordinary catalysts do not have, which determine the high catalytic performance and selectivity of nano-catalysts. At present, there are numerous methods to prepare nano-catalysts, such as co-precipitation synthesis, hydrothermal synthesis, sol–gel synthesis, etc., all of which have advantages and disadvantages. Hence, this paper summarizes the deficiencies of traditional catalysts, and focuses on the application of nano-catalysts in biomass conversion to biofuels and their synthesis methods. Meanwhile, renewable resources can be used in the future to develop multifunctional and efficient nano-catalysts to improve resource utilization and reduce catalyst usage. 

Research progress of nano-catalysts in the catalytic conversion of biomass to biofuels: Synthesis and application

Global principles in local traditional knowledge: A review of forage plant-livestock-herder interactions.

Abstract This study reports the preparation of a novel type of support based on magnetically recyclable bentonite functionalized with divinylbenzene-polyvinyl pyridine (PVP-DVB) for Pd (II) nanocatalyst by a simple cost-effective method. Firstly, the conventional co-precipitation method synthesized Fe 3 O 4 nanoparticles (NPs) onto bentonite sheets. Then the prepared magnetic support surface was functionalized by divinylbenzene-polyvinyl pyridine (PVP-DVB) to create a cross-linked polymer with a high coordination ability with palladium. Repeated nitrogen units in the PVP-DVB polymer chain increase the number of Pd bonds and thus lead to higher performance of the nanocatalyst. Finally, the palladium NPs were simultaneously synthesized and immobilized under mild conditions. The synthesized nanocatalyst was characterized by several methods such as scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, vibrating sample magnetometer, inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry and thermogravimetric analysis. The efficiency of synthesized heterogeneous nanocatalyst was investigated in Suzuki–Miyaura cross-coupling reactions between a range of aryl halides (X = Cl, Br, I) with phenylboronic acid and in the reduction of 4-nitrophenol (4-NP). Moreover, the synthesized nanocatalyst could be easily recovered and reused several times with an efficiency greater than 90%. 

/pdf/magnetic-bentonite-decorated-with-pd-nanoparticles-and-cross-m61k1tcx.pdf

Magnetic bentonite decorated with Pd nanoparticles and cross-linked polyvinyl pyridine as an efficient nanocatalyst for Suzuki coupling and 4-Nitrophenol reduction reactions

Germination response to temperature of snail medic (medicago scutellata l.)

Facile Synthesis of Magnetic Bentonite–Chitosan–Pd Nanocomposite: As a Recoverable Nanocatalyst for Reduction of Nitroarenes and Suzuki–Miyaura Reaction

Dyeing of Wool Yarn with Aqueous Extract of Opuntia ficus-indica Fruit Containing Betalain Colorant Employing Ascorbic Acid as a Bio-mordant Under Varied Circumstances of Dyeing

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