In recent years, toxic pollution from heavy metal(loid)s in soil has become a severe environmental problem worldwide. The migration and transformation of heavy metal(loid)s in soil have become hot topics in the field of environmental research. Soil particle size plays an important role in influencing the environmental behavior of heavy metal(loid)s in soil. This review collates and synthesizes the research on the adsorption, distribution, and migration of heavy metal(loid)s in soil particles. There is no unified method for soil particle separation, since the purposes of different studies are different. Regardless of adsorption or distribution characteristics, fine soil particles generally exhibit a higher capacity to combine heavy metal(loid)s; however, certain studies have also observed a contrary phenomenon, according to which heavy metal(loid)s were more enriched in coarser particles. The adsorption and distribution of heavy metal(loid)s in soil particles were essentially determined by the physicochemical properties of the soil particles. Land use obviously affected the distribution of heavy metal(loid)s in the soil particles. Organic matter had an important influence on the distribution and availability of heavy metal(loid)s in agricultural and forest soils, while for urban soils and sediments, clay minerals or metal (hydr)oxides may play the dominant role. Preferential surface migration of fine particles during erosion processes did not always lead to the enrichment of heavy metal(loid)s in the lost soil. Further research should be conducted to explore the relationships among the soil aggregates, organic matter, heavy metal(loid)s, and soil microorganisms; the association between the distribution and availability of heavy metal(loid)s and the properties of soil particles; and the migration patterns of heavy metal(loid)s in soil particles at different scales.

Effects of soil particle size on the adsorption, distribution, and migration behaviors of heavy metal(loid)s in soil: a review

Background: Haemonchus contortus and Trichostrongylus spp. are reported to be the most prevalent and highly pathogenic parasites in livestock, particularly in small ruminants. However, the routine conventional tool used in Malaysia could not differentiate the species accurately and therefore limiting the understanding of the co-infections between these two genera among livestock in Malaysia. This study is the first attempt to identify the strongylids of veterinary importance in Malaysia (i.e., H. contortus and Trichostrongylus spp.) by amplification and sequencing of the Internal Transcribed Spacer II DNA region. Results: Overall, 118 (cattle: 11 of 98 or 11.2%; deer: 4 of 70 or 5.7%; goats: 99 of 157 or 63.1%; swine: 4 of 91 or 4.4%) out of the 416 collected fecal samples were microscopy positive with strongylid infection. The PCR and sequencing results demonstrated that 93 samples (1 or 25.0% of deer; 92 or 92.9% of goats) contained H. contortus. In addition, Trichostrongylus colubriformis was observed in 75 (75.8% of 99) of strongylid infected goats and Trichostrongylus axei in 4 (4.0%) of 99 goats and 2 (50.0%) of 4 deer. Based on the molecular results, co-infection of H. contortus and Trichostrongylus spp. (H. contortus +T. colubriformis denoted as HTC; H. contortus+ T. axei denoted as HTA) were only found in goats. Specifically, HTC co-infections have higher rate (71 or 45.2% of 157) compared to HTA co-infections (3 or 1.9% of 157). Conclusions: The present study is the first molecular identification of strongylid species among livestock in Malaysia which is essential towards a better knowledge of the epidemiology of gastro-intestinal parasitic infection among livestock in the country. Furthermore, a more comprehensive or nationwide molecular-based study on gastro-intestinal parasites in livestock should be carried out in the future, given that molecular tools could assist in improving diagnosis of veterinary parasitology in Malaysia due to its high sensitivity and accuracy.

/pdf/co-infection-of-haemonchus-contortus-and-trichostrongylus-gaae2s3cp2.pdf

Co-infection of Haemonchus contortus and Trichostrongylus spp. among livestock in Malaysia as revealed by amplification and sequencing of the internal transcribed spacer II DNA region.

Rhipicephalus species are distributed globally with a notifiable presence in Southeast Asia (SEA) within animal and human populations. The Rhipicephalus species are highly adaptive and have established successful coexistence within human dwellings and are known to be active all year round, predominantly in tropical and subtropical climates existing in SEA. In this review, the morphological characteristics, epidemiology, and epizootiology of Rhipicephalus tick species found in SEA are reviewed. There are six commonly reported Rhipicephalus ticks in the SEA region. Their interactions with their host species that range from cattle, sheep, and goats, through cats and dogs, to rodents and man are discussed in this article. Rhipicephalus-borne pathogens, including Anaplasma species, Ehrlichia species, Babesia species, and Theileria species, have been highlighted as are relevant to the region in review. Pathogens transmitted from Rhipicepahalus ticks to host animals are usually presented clinically with signs of anemia, jaundice, and other signs of hemolytic changes. Rhipicephalus ticks infestation also account for ectoparasitic nuisance in man and animals. These issues are discussed with specific interest to the SEA countries highlighting peculiarities of the region in the epidemiology of Rhipicephalus species and attendant pathogens therein. This paper also discusses the current general control strategies for ticks in SEA proffering measures required for increased documentation. The potential risks associated with rampant and improper acaricide use are highlighted. Furthermore, such practices lead to acaricide resistance among Rhipicephalus species are highlighted.

https://www.mdpi.com/2076-0817/10/7/821/pdf

Rhipicephalus Tick: A Contextual Review for Southeast Asia.

Haemonchosis is a common problem on goat farms in tropical countries such as Malaysia. Prevention of production losses generally depends on the use of anthelmintic drugs, but is threatened by the emergence of anthelmintic resistance. This study investigates anthelmintic efficacy on small-scale Malaysian goat farms and describes putative risk factors. Adult goats had moderate to high pre-treatment faecal trichostrongyle egg counts, despite being housed on slatted floors and fed on cut-and-carry forage, raising questions about the source of nematode infection. Our results show multiple resistance to benzimidazole and macrocyclic lactone anthelmintic drugs and allow us to discuss the genetic origins of resistance with reference to farm husbandry and management. We conclude that improvement in Malaysian goat production efficiency will require the development of sustainable helminth control strategies, underpinned by a better understanding of the origins and population genetics of anthelmintic resistance.

Assessment of gastrointestinal nematode infection, anthelmintic usage and husbandry practices on two small-scale goat farms in Malaysia.

Gastrointestinal nematodes considered to be among the factors that could affect the goats’ productivity. The objective of this study was to evaluate the current status of nematode resistance to anthelminthic drugs in two farms (Veterinary Research Academy Jenang, Marang and Hulu Seladang Setiu Farms). The goats were randomly divided into five treatments which include control (A), albendazole oral administration (B), levamisole oral administration (C), ivermectin subcutaneous injection (D) and ivermectin pour on groups (E). After two weeks of the treatment the feces were collected and fecal egg count was examined. The mean of fecal egg count reduction (FECR) obtained was not statistically (p>0.05) different between the treatments, and FECR% was lower than 66% in all of the five treatments (A, B, C, D and E). In conclusion, two farms revealed the resistance of nematode to Albendazole, Levamisole, and Ivermectin anthelmintic drugs. This study suggested that the anthelmintic treatment is unlikely to be the suitable method of controlling nematode population, thus studies are needed to investigate further on the effectiveness of other methods of control such as the use of herbs.

Preliminary study of nematode resistance to anthelmintic drugs in two goat farms in terengganu

The widespread use of chemical anthelmintics to control goat gastrointestinal nematodes has resulted in the occurrence of resistant nematode populations that has become a global problem including Malaysia. Faecal samples were collected from 202 goats from eight farms in Kelantan for the confirmation of gastrointestinal nematode infection. A total of 161 goats were chosen for the Faecal Egg Count Reduction Test (FECRT) to detect resistance to four anthelmintics: albendazole, ivermectin, levamisole and closantel. Varying levels of resistance were detected for each anthelmintic where resistant nematode populations to albendazole, ivermectin, levamisole and closantel were observed in goats in six, five, two and two farms, respectively. Resistance was suspected against albendazole, ivermectin and levamisole in one farm. Nematode populations in two farms were found to be susceptible to levamisole while those in only one farm was susceptible to albendazole. In the present study, levamisole was found to be the most effective anthelmintic. Pre-treatment faecal cultures revealed Haemonchus contortus (73%) as the predominant infective larvae followed by Trichostrongylus spp. (26%) and Oesophagostomum spp. (1%). Based on the present study, the anthelmintic resistance status in Kelantan is of critical concern as the current anthelmintic based nematode control in goat farms may not be effective on a long term basis. There is an urgent need to evaluate non-chemical methods to control parasitism in local goats.

/pdf/anthelmintic-resistance-in-selected-goat-farms-in-kelantan-3mn4jzu429.pdf

Anthelmintic resistance in selected goat farms in Kelantan.

A study was conducted to evaluate the anthelmintic properties of enhanced virgin coconut oil (EVCO) and senduduk (Melastoma malabathricum) plant against strongyle nematodes in goats. Two preparations of 10% EVCO dissolved in 90% virgin coconut oil and 10% EVCO dissolved in 90% palm oil, were given orally to two groups of mixed breeds goats. The efficacy test indicated that EVCO was insufficiently active as an anthelmintic. Four concentrations of senduduk solution (1.25, 2.5, 5.0 and 10 mg ml(-1)) were compared with a control and albendazole in an in vitro test for larvicidal effect. There was no significant larval mortality using senduduk solution. An in vivo test of senduduk was conducted by comparing three groups of goats, namely control, levamisole and treatment groups that were given a daily oral dose of senduduk crude extract with 1g kg(-1) from Day 0 to Day 12 and 2 g kg(-1) from Day 13 to Day 30. This efficacy test with senduduk also gave negative results. The findings obtained indicated that EVCO and senduduk were ineffective as anthelmintics against caprinestrongyle nematodes at the concentrations used.

Evaluation of enhanced virgin coconut oil and senduduk (Melastoma malabathricum) as anthelmintics against caprine strongyle nematodes.

Handle everyday research tasks with reliable, citation-backed results

Your personal Research Agent to handle research tasks with citation-backed results

Popular Tasks used by Researchers

How can I help with your research?

Meet SciSpace

Get more enhanced response by uploading the PDFs you want me to reference.

No relevant PDFs in your library

SciSpace is the AI research assistant for academics. Run systematic literature reviews on 280M+ papers, and write papers with cited sources. Trusted by 1M+ students, PhDs & researchers.

SciSpace | AI for Research

Analyze PDFs

Code & Manuscripts

Funding & Grants

Literature & Patents

Medical & Clinical Data

Systematic Review

Visualize & Present

Web & Data

Build a Google Scholar-like website for your research.

Build a website

Create charts and images for your research

Create a Chart

Write a paper for submission to a journal

Draft a manuscript

Patent Search

Design eye-catching scientific posters in minutes.

Scientific Poster Generation

Systematic Literature Review

One task is running at the moment. Your messages will be shown right after.

Drag and drop or click here to browse

Loved by <highlight>1 million+</highlight> researchers

Extract a list of specific topics and their sources from unstructured text

Topics

Compare and analyze relevant papers that matches with your search

Papers

Get insights from PDFs and bookmarked papers from your library

My library

Recent searches

Try searching for:

Catch AI-generated content in scholarly and non-scholarly content

{ai} Detector

Ai Writer

Get PDF Summaries, highlighted text explanations 

Chat with PDF

Effortlessly create in-text citations and bibliographies in APA and 2,500 other formats

Citation generator

Get explanations, summaries, and answers on academic papers

Ease up your research workflow with {scispace}'s cohort of exciting AI tools

Elevate your academic writing skills and convey your ideas the way you want

Paraphraser

Explore our range of reading and writing tools

Your file is being prepared and should be ready in a few minutes. If it's a large file, it might take a bit longer. You can close this window, and we'll email you the file when it's done.

You have reached a maximum limit of <strong>{limit}</strong> columns in the table. Remove at least <strong>1</strong> column to add or create another one.

H. B. Basripuzi

Author Tools

Chat about Author

Papers

Anthelmintic resistance in selected goat farms in Kelantan.

Evaluation of enhanced virgin coconut oil and senduduk (Melastoma malabathricum) as anthelmintics against caprine strongyle nematodes.